Build a half-timbered house. Attractive half-timbered houses. What is so special about half-timbered buildings?

Half-timbered houses appeared in Europe in the Middle Ages. Their walls were a frame made of timber, the voids of which were filled with stone, rubble or brick. A frame made of timber divides the half-timbered façade into rectangles and triangles, which gives the building a distinctive design.

Modern half-timbered houses

A modern half-timbered structure resembles its predecessor only in that it is made in the same architectural style. The projects stipulate that the beams and racks of the frame are made of antiseptic-impregnated or laminated veneer lumber, and the jibs are made of edged boards. Insulation - mineral or stone wool - is placed in the voids of the frame. This half-timbered structure has good strength and heat-saving characteristics. On the facade, only areas filled with insulation are covered, leaving the frame free.

Nowadays the Art Nouveau style dominates in half-timbered architecture. Projects of half-timbered houses in the Art Nouveau style are different:

large roof overhangs;
wide beams;
glass walls and large windows.

This creates a visual effect of the absence of complete walls and only the frame catches the eye. The popularity of half-timbered wood has led to the fact that not only frame buildings are finished in this style, but also houses built using other technologies. At the same time characteristic appearance The façade is given materials that imitate timber.

Glass half-timbered walls are used to decorate verandas, living rooms, and summer houses. For all their attractiveness, they do not provide good thermal insulation houses.

Stages of construction of half-timbered houses

The construction of half-timbered houses includes several stages, each of which determines the service life and performance characteristics buildings, therefore deviations from the project are unacceptable.

Preparatory stage

The first step is:

purchase a plot of land;
select a project;
bring temporary communications to the site;
prepare materials.

When choosing land plot take into account the proximity of communications, consumer services and trade enterprises, the condition of roads and the environmental situation.

A standard project will cost much less than an individual one. It practically eliminates errors and the construction technology is worked out in detail. By standard project You can order a house kit, which will greatly simplify and speed up the assembly of the frame. House under construction individual project, is expensive, but the developer has the opportunity to live in the house of his dreams.

After choosing a project, electricity and water are supplied to the construction site, the area is fenced and materials are delivered.

Foundation

Half-timbered construction technology allows the construction of lightweight walls, so the requirements for foundations are significantly reduced - it is enough to build columnar or pile foundations. Concrete foundations should gain strength within a month, the foundations are screw piles can be loaded immediately after screwing in. Two layers of waterproofing are laid on top of the foundations.

Walls

The technology for constructing half-timbered walls is as follows:

Beams of the lower frame are attached to the foundation using anchor bolts (beams 150x150 - 200x200 mm);
racks (beams or edged board 50x150 mm);
assembled at the level of floor beams top harness from timber;
level the frame and install permanent jibs.

Roof

Wooden floor beams are laid on the top frame, the mauerlat is laid and assembled rafter system. The sheathing is nailed to the rafters and roofing material is laid. Heavy roofing materials use is not recommended.

Completion of construction

At the final stage:

fill window and door openings;
insulate walls and roof;
lay internal communications;
perform internal and external cladding walls;
lay floors and sheathe the ceiling.

House insulation technology half-timbered style has no features - slabs stone wool inserted between the frame beams in several layers and covered with a windproof membrane on the street side. Communications are laid inside the walls. For internal lining you can use any finishing materials, for external - OSB, moisture resistant plywood, siding, cement fiber boards.

Advantages and disadvantages of half-timbered technology

Half-timbered houses have the following advantages:

unique style of façade design;
durable and durable design half-timbered;
high speed of construction;
environmental and fire safety;
warm walls.

Disadvantages arise when construction technology is violated and low-quality materials are used.

Anyone who is familiar with carpentry can build half-timbered houses with their own hands. If you assemble a frame in the half-timbered style from a house kit, the requirements for the qualifications of builders are much lower.

Half-timbered houses are a type. A building built using this technology can be easily recognized by its characteristic wall paneling. This type of construction is most common in Europe. In our country, this technology is not yet very popular.

However, half-timbered construction is gaining more and more supporters, which is not surprising. Thoughtful design, use of natural environmentally friendly pure material- these are not all the reasons why the number of half-timbered houses increases every year.

Features of half-timbered houses

Fachwerk (German: Fachwerk - frame construction, half-timbered structure) - type building structure, at which load-bearing basis serves as a spatial section of inclined (at different angles) beams.
These beams are visible from outside home and give the building a characteristic appearance; the space between the beams is filled with adobe material, brick, and sometimes also wood. Half-timbering appeared in the 15th century in Germany and became very popular in Europe, especially in the northern part (from Britain to Poland). In the 20th century, this style experienced a new heyday thanks to the medieval flavor and the effect of natural building materials.

Half-timbered technology refers to low-rise construction, most often such houses have 1 - 2 floors and less often 3 - 4. It can combine several materials: wood, stone, glass. The basis of the building is a frame made of laminated veneer lumber. In this case, the beam is connected under different angles, which gives the frame additional rigidity.

Video: Construction of a half-timbered frame house

Filling the gaps is done with a wide variety of materials. At first, the filling was done with adobe, but now they use brick, glass, OSB, etc.

The walls in half-timbered houses are not load-bearing; the load is taken by the frame, which is not hidden under the cladding, but rather stands out and is the main architectural element.

A building built using half-timbered technology is warm due to the use of insulation. An additional bonus is the possibility of unlimited redevelopment. Since the walls are load-bearing, they can be moved or removed without the risk of collapse.

The installation of such a house is quite complicated, but if you have experience working with wood, you can easily handle it yourself. Of course, professionals will cope with this task faster and you can be confident in the quality and reliability of the design.

Construction of a half-timbered building

Half-timbered construction begins with a project. Therefore, it is better to entrust the construction of houses using this technology to specialists. Since the frame uses connections characteristic only for this type of construction, then make independent calculations it will be difficult.

In order to correctly position such connections as: man, half-man, corner man, wilderman or St. Andrew's cross, you need to know this style well and have knowledge of spatial geometry.

Foundation and frame assembly

When the project is already in hand, you can begin pouring the foundation and preparing material for the frame. It is better to perform these two actions simultaneously - while the foundation is being poured at the site, frame parts are being made at the factory.

A house built using half-timbered technology is not heavy, so a shallow foundation can be used. After the base is ready, waterproofing is laid on it and piping is done.

Used for strapping wooden beam which is secured with anchor bolts. Then the remaining elements are connected in strict accordance with the project.

Wall material

After installing the frame, you can begin to fill the gaps, that is, mount the walls. For these purposes Any will do material you like: brick, foam concrete or gas silicate blocks, stone, cement - particle boards, OSB, gypsum fiber, lining () and others.

The main thing is that they meet the following requirements:

moisture resistance;
good heat saving indicators;
strength;
light weight;
environmental friendliness.

When using materials with heavy weight, the foundation must be adequate. When making walls, it is worth considering that the frame of half-timbered buildings must be open from the outside.

The façade can be decorated with decorative plastic plates with imitation brick, but most often produced and used.

Roof

Of all types of roofs for half-timbered buildings, the gable roof is most often used. Distinctive feature Such a roof is the absence of an attic or attic, and large overhangs. Wide overhangs protect the walls from rain and the room from excess sunlight.

The materials for the roof can be: ondulin, metal tiles and other lightweight materials. Ceramic tiles It is not suitable for half-timbered houses due to its heavy weight.

Advantages of half-timbered buildings

A half-timbered house has a large number of advantages:

a massive foundation is not required - the structure is light, so it is enough to make a shallow tape;
the building does not shrink much - therefore there is no risk of distortion;
half-timbered technology allows you to hide any communications in the niches of the walls or floor;
aesthetics is the main advantage, the house looks as if it came out of a picture of some fairy tale.

It is for these reasons that today everything more people pay attention to half-timbered construction.

Flaws

Of course, we should not forget about the disadvantages:

High cost of design and installation of the structure;
The frame requires constant protection from weathering, mold and fire;
In regions with a cold climate, additional thermal insulation will have to be done, which will increase the cost.

The technology for constructing half-timbered houses is considered the most complex, so it is very difficult to build such a house on your own. Therefore, it is better to invite specialists to build half-timbered structures.

Watch the video: ASSEMBLY OF A FACULTY TIMBER FRAME

Frame houses based on the half-timbered principle have been known for quite a long time, since they were made of pine and were very warm and strong. Such houses to this day do not lose popularity among residents country houses, private cottages and dachas, so they can be found in different parts of the world, where people care about comfort and want to live in beauty. We invite you to get acquainted with technology for building half-timbered houses with your own hands.

Structures of half-timbered houses

The half-timbered house combines wood with stone and glass. All this is put together and forms an overall harmonious composition. The appearance of these houses is recognizable and it is difficult to confuse it with other types of frame buildings. A half-timbered house is quickly built, lasts a long time and is distinguished by its warmth and beauty. Availability large windows allows you to expand your horizons and make your stay at home comfortable.

The construction of a half-timbered house begins with laying the foundation. It is built according to the type of monoblock reinforced concrete foundation, or according to the principle of a shallow foundation. The depth is calculated taking into account the characteristics of the local soil and the proximity of the passage groundwater, features of the future construction.

For the frame structure of a half-timbered house, special pine beams are taken. The frame is produced in full accordance with the design, taking into account slopes and calculating the load-bearing capacity of the building. The walls according to the design of the half-timbered house are not load-bearing. They divide the home space into parts and at the same time turn out to be light and rigid. Their connection is made using spikes, iron brackets, and plates. The bottom of the frame is connected to the foundation with anchor bolts. Before this, the base of the house is covered with two layers of waterproofing. Bottom part The buildings are covered with polystyrene foam, as it prevents moisture and cold from entering the room.

According to the construction technology, this frame structure of a half-timbered house can be filled various materials. The walls inside the house are filled with heat and vapor barrier in mats with a layer of isofol or other foil material. You can order the finishing of the house on a turnkey basis or do it yourself using any mixtures.

How to build a half-timbered house with your own hands

Before building a half-timbered house, you need to create a plan. It should describe: the technology and sequence of work, the amount of material, the type of foundation. You can draw up a house construction plan yourself, or contact professionals who will help you put all your ideas on paper and tell you how to implement them in life.

First, the depth is calculated, the reinforced concrete foundation of the house is marked and poured.
When creating a plan, centerpieces and any additional features that will make the home designer can be included.
The frame is made from sanded or glued pine timber, which is pre-impregnated with protective compounds. After installing the frame, it must be opened with varnish.

The frame-frame design allows:

reduce construction using technology to the shortest possible time;
make the house reliable and durable.

In such construction the amount of wood material, which allows you to save time in addition to saving money.

The frame, terraces, walls, roof of the house - all this is connected with wooden tenons and iron brackets. The design is strong and at the same time lightweight. The external cells are filled with mats with heat, sound and moisture protection properties. From above everything is covered with slabs of plywood with antiseptic impregnation or OSB boards. After this, windows and doors are inserted and you can start working on the cladding. The cladding of the frame is made from any material that you choose according to your taste. future owner this house.

Half-timbered houses using construction technology always have many windows, and the walls are most often finished with wood or stone. These combinations allow you to make your home complete and beautiful. Windows are most often fixed, casement, panoramic or showcase. They are fixed silicone sealant and are covered with platbands with felt insulation.

Engineering networks and communications are laid under the floor. Various cables for home and street lighting, water supply and sewerage pipes are made hidden. For such a house, a warm water floor is most often used for heating. Pipes for sewerage and water supply inside the house are made of polypropylene. Wiring to sockets is carried out inside the walls.

When choosing a roof during construction, a gable roofless structure is most often used, but you can make any other, most unusual option at your own discretion. In any case, there should be large overhangs that will protect the house from bad weather and bright light. Terraces allow you to create the effect of an extension of the house; they are also located under common roof. The ceilings inside the house are lined with plasterboard or any wooden material. Full compliance with planning documentation and technology allows you to build a half-timbered house that meets the reliability, which will guarantee comfortable accommodation in it for many years.

The half-timbered method is used for private construction, for the construction of hotels, cafes and other public buildings. Knowing the technology, you can build a half-timbered house with your own hands on a turnkey basis with minimal costs. Another way is to find out prices from the developer and buy a ready-made house.

Topics related to the construction of houses using half-timbered technology traditionally receive increased attention from FORUMHOUSE users. Developers are primarily attracted to spectacular, “antique” appearance such a structure.

But in Russia you rarely see genuine half-timbered timber. There are reasons for this, the main one of which is that not everyone can build a house using half-timbered technology. Affects the large amount of manual labor and the labor intensity of everyone technological stages. There is an acute lack of practical information, because... Most of the manuals, instructions and examples are provided on foreign languages and collected on foreign sites.

Therefore, most developers are forced to imitate half-timbering, making a layout “under half-timbering” from boards, along the facade from DSP or OSB slabs. The more interesting is the topic of our portal user with the nickname asx_75, building a small, but “honest” half-timbered house “with one helmet”.

In this article:

Features of half-timbered technology.
Construction of a house using half-timbered technology.
Tools and materials.

Features of half-timbered technology

Fachwerk (German: Fachwerk) is a frame built from wooden beams. The peculiarity of the technology is that the wooden, post-and-beam frame of the house is not covered with anything from the outside and remains visible. The space between the posts, jibs and beams is filled with brick, less often stone or, as an option, adobe - straw, reeds or reeds mixed with clay, which is then plastered.

This gives the house architectural expressiveness and recognition and at the same time imposes a significant limitation on the use of this technology in our harsh climate, even near Moscow, not to mention Siberia or the North.

The fact is that a frame made of large-section timber (200x200 or 200x250 mm) is a significant cold bridge. In addition, gaps may appear between the filler and the wooden structural elements (“living” material). The wind will begin to blow through the wall. Open frame(wood) due to negative impact atmospheric phenomena(sunlight, snow, rain, frequent crossings through “0”) is subject to increased wear. This leads to the need for regular repairs and renovation of the facade.

In Europe, the climate is milder than in Russia, and houses built using half-timbered technology can last for centuries with proper care.

Myself half-timbered frame assembled using the tongue-and-groove technology on wooden dowels and using a variety of connections:

cutting,
half-tree connections,
semi-frying pan, etc.

This requires good carpentry skills and a strong hand.

But all these disadvantages fade into the background when you see a real half-timbered house. Moreover, “honest”, because an imitation of half-timbering on a building, even if skillfully executed, remains an imitation.

A real half-timbered building will not leave anyone indifferent.

The main mistake of developers trying to imitate half-timbered buildings- selection of narrow boards for their layout on the facade. As a result, the monumentality of the structure is lost, because the frame in the half-timbering bears the main load Accordingly, it requires powerful beams, jibs and racks. Boards with a section of 150/100x25 mm (often used to imitate half-timbered wood) look like some kind of strange finish, like ordinary decorative “patches” on the facade.

Second mistake- pursuit of the ideal geometry of the layout and bringing the surface of the boards to a “shine”. At that time, if you look at a real half-timbered structure, you can see that any timber has irregularities, natural bends, defects, knots, cracks, etc. Those. the tree is “living”, and its natural beauty is not “killed” by excessive mechanical processing.

All this works for authenticity, and most importantly - layout during simulation should be carried out not as “it seems more beautiful” or “whatever you like”, but strictly in accordance with the canons of half-timbered- where each frame element is in its place for a reason.

If you do an imitation of half-timbered houses, then first you need to look at more than a dozen photographs of old European half-timbered houses. Capture the essence of frame elements, understand how they work in a single system, are linked to each other, and then try to repeat them on the facade.

Beams, jibs, racks and other vertical and horizontal frame elements in a half-timbered structure they perform a purely practical function - they carry and redistribute the loads of the building.

The real beauty of a half-timbered building lies in the functionality of the frame, where all the elements are necessary, and there is no place for unnecessary details and elaborate decorations.

How to build a real half-timbered house in Russia

The simplicity of half-timbered structures (forms), not to be confused with technology, can play a cruel joke on a person who decides to repeat it. It seems that you can look at the pictures, buy a beam, pick up a chain saw and get to work. Such an approach will lead to disastrous results.

Half-timbering begins with acquiring in-depth knowledge of this type construction and design.

You will have to take the time to study the key elements of a half-timbered house and how they are made. Case in point - work asx_75.

asx_75 User FORUMHOUSE

I had the opportunity to visit Germany. I saw “live” a real half-timbered structure that I liked so much. I studied it, took photographs of buildings, read recommendations, visited thematic sites. When I returned to Russia, I decided to reproduce the “corner of Europe” on garden plot, because there was a need to build a bathhouse. I'll say right away - I don't professional builder. Much of my work was done on a whim, some things were not according to the canons of half-timbered construction, some I came up with myself. He worked alone and with a minimal set of tools.

Looking ahead, we’ll show you a photo of what a member of our portal has already achieved (the house is currently in the process of erecting a roof).

Now we return to 2016 and move on to a description of the process of erecting a half-timbered structure.

To build a frame and then fill it with foam blocks (this is a departure from the classic half-timbered structure, and why asx_75 chose it, we will describe it a little later), I had to try.

The background to this project is interesting. According to the user, at first the idea arose to build a bathhouse on the site. For this, he chose a half-timbered frame, because thought it would be better to build smooth walls It won't work with bricks or blocks. The initial idea was as follows - a frame is installed, and the space is covered with OSB boards, followed by installation of insulation and vapor and waterproofing.

But during the construction of the frame, everyone liked it so much that family council decided to build a “gingerbread” house measuring 5x4 m, and convert the old one into a bathhouse brick house standing on the site.

Next, the idea of sewing up the space between the OSB crossbars was eliminated. If you make a half-timbered structure, then make it real! In Europe, the half-timbered space is often filled with brick, but this requires a certain skill and knowledge of certain secrets. Because the brick is laid for a reason, but after special preparation of either it or the timber. Without going into details, let's say that shaped grooves are made for this.

The foam block is quite easy to process, and asx_75 I settled on it, especially since the internal partitions will be made from this material.

The foam block, so that it would fit in the frame, was used not as a wall block, but as a partition block.

Selection of tools and materials for building a half-timbered house

Having drawn up a construction plan, the user began to implement the plan. First you need to decide on the material, tools and foundation. To build a half-timbered structure, you need to have a lot of specialized, complex construction carpentry tools, with the help of which shaped grooves, tenons, etc. are cut into the timber. But asx_75 I got by with a much smaller set.

asx_75

Choosing various instrument to build a half-timbered structure, I would like to get a “cunning” imported saw and slowly, carefully cut out the grooves with it. But sawing wood along the grain, and even more so timber, is quite a task. After thinking about it, I went to get an electric chain saw. Having turned it on in the store, I decided that this was not my tool in terms of work safety, so I bought a reciprocating saw. I also needed a powerful hammer drill, which I used in drilling mode. Twist drills, hammer, chisel and mallet.

Although reciprocating saws traditionally considered a tool of destruction - sawing wooden partitions, frame elements, pipes, branches, etc., V in capable hands this tool will become an indispensable assistant.

asx_75

Having tried to work with a sabre, I can say that it has proven itself to be excellent. A file with wide teeth perfectly cuts wood along the grain, adjusts planes, and cuts out grooves. Moreover, my tool is not professional, without a vibration damper, but it significantly simplified the assembly of the frame.

The frame was made from timber with a cross-section of 15x15 cm. The reason was the weight and size characteristics of the material. We have already said above that the beauty of a half-timbered structure largely depends on the massiveness of its frame. Large cross-section timber gives the structure monumentality and solidity.

This frame no longer looks like a cheap prop.

The user reasoned as follows: a beam with a cross-section of 10x10 cm looks frivolous; a beam of 20x20 cm is inconvenient to work with alone, to turn over, not to mention lifting the beam to a height without using a crane or electric hoist. The 15th beam is just right. It can be lifted alone, but is massive enough for a half-timbered frame.

There is not a single nail connection in the half-timbered asx_75. All parts of the frame were fastened with ordinary commercial dowels with a diameter of 2 cm.

Moreover, the dowels are not just connecting element, but play a large decorative role, giving the finished frame true authenticity.

asx_75

When hammering in the dowels, I first hammered them flush, but then, studying my photo archives, I noticed that often the half-timber builders do not recess the dowels flush with the surface of the beam, but leave a small “tail” about 3 cm long outside. I really liked this element. Moreover, then you can hang a flowerpot with a flower on it.

The dowels were not left round, but slightly planed on all sides, giving them the appearance of a hexagon. That this makes the connection stronger. Holes for dowels in two elements, during the classical construction of a half-timbered structure (post-beam), are not drilled symmetrically, but with a slight offset relative to each other. Those. First we drill the parts (separately from each other), and then we connect them and hammer in the dowel. This also increases the strength of the connection because when the dowel is clogged, due to asymmetrical holes, the unit becomes rigidly jammed.

Note that the user abandoned this due to the significant complication of the work, especially since the tongue-and-groove assembly + hammered dowel turned out to be very durable.

The holes for the dowels were drilled as follows: a spiral drill bit for wood (2 cm in diameter), through chuck, was driven by a hammer drill operating in the “drill” mode into the timber. Important point: the user made the first holes “by eye”, as a result the dowels went crooked. The following holes were already drilled using an angle level, which ensured that the holes for the dowels were strictly horizontal.

Having dealt with the theoretical part a little, let's move on to practice. The construction of the half-timbered house began with pouring the foundation. As a basis asx_75 chose pile foundation. To do this, a hole with a diameter of 300 mm was drilled in the ground to a depth of about 1 m; a “sleeve” made of roofing felt rolled into a pipe and tied with wire was placed in the hole. Next the concrete was poured.

The level of the pile heads was brought to the horizon using a hydraulic level.

Advice: deciding to repeat this type modern “folk” foundation, you should not skimp on roofing felt and take a thicker one, because thin ones hold their shape less well, and the pile may end up barrel-shaped.

There were some mistakes at this stage. The distance between the piles turned out to be different, because the first piles were placed every 0.8 m. Then the user read that the distance could be increased to 2 m, but deciding to play it safe, he reduced it and chose an intermediate value.

The error led to the asymmetry of the frame struts, because the attachment points are located at the places where the piles are installed. But this added a “zest” to the whole structure, because... Often half-timbered houses do not have perfect symmetry, which makes them more “alive”.

After the foundation was erected, a frame made of timber with a cross-section of 15x15 cm was placed on it. Types of joints such as half-wood and half-frying were used.

You can learn more about the features of the construction of classic half-timbered buildings in the topic asx_75. Our article tells. We also recommend articles, and. And the video shows the nuances of building a frame with a half-timbered facade.

Half-timbering, a technology that originated in Germany back in the 15th century, has become widespread not only in its homeland, but throughout Europe. Today, half-timbered houses are built not only by the Germans, but also in Russia. They are quite popular and have received a lot of positive reviews. How to build this magnificent house yourself?

The space between the beams and cross members, which are usually left visible from the outside, is filled with various materials, this is frame houses, it doesn’t matter whether it’s a board or a board, they use it in half-timbered buildings.

In ancient times in Germany, the Germans used clay mixed with. There is even a house dating back to the 13th century, which was built by a German builder in 1347.

During this time, the timber beams did not rot, and the wood became as strong as stone. This house will stand for many more centuries. Europeans have long realized the reliability of these houses, and they are gradually beginning to appear in Russia. And all this was done by hand, without the use of power tools.

It is amazing that a half-timbered house can stand for more than 500 years, this proves the reliability of this type of construction.

Today technological solutions can be very diverse; in half-timbered construction, panoramic double-glazed windows, brick, wood are used instead of walls, natural stone etc.

Features of German frame houses in Germany

A characteristic feature of a half-timbered house is the protrusion of each upper floor above the previous one. This historically established feature is not at all connected with the desire to increase the area of the upper floor. This was done in order to protect the facade of the house, which is also load-bearing frame the entire building, from precipitation and excess moisture. Thanks to such indentations, water flowing down the walls of the upper floors flows directly to the ground, and the facade of the lower floor remains dry.

Half-timbered houses

Despite the fact that widespread The development of half-timbered houses was connected to some extent with the desire to save wood; this technology has shown itself to be excellent and has a number of advantages.

This is a fairly inexpensive and environmentally friendly type of construction that you can afford to build with your own hands. Half-timbered houses are unusual and beautiful.

In modern construction, laminated veneer lumber is more often used. coniferous species, which provides buildings with strength and durability, but can also be used ordinary timber, the main thing is to choose dry timber of good quality.

Modern houses using half-timbered technology

Thanks to the use of modern materials, a modern house in the half-timbered style will not only be aesthetically attractive, but also warm and cozy.

When choosing a material to fill the space between the beams, you can show your imagination and use it, along with traditional building materials, glass, carved wood, clay mixtures, etc. Painting beams or fillers with modern paints and varnishes will be beneficial and protect against moisture.

Having all these advantages, half-timbered houses are still being built today; many are ready to build such structures with their own hands. In addition, being quite lightweight in nature, half-timbered houses do not require construction. Perfect for them, which will allow you to build such a house even on a slope and on the purchase of land.