Hello, dear readers of the blog site. I would like to continue a series of small publications (notes in the margins) devoted to the topic of interpreting phrases and “words” quite often used in the vastness of the Runet. A little earlier we focused on, and.

Today I just want a few words speak for tautology and pleonasm(the spelling “tuftology” is considered incorrect, although many people pronounce this word exactly this way, making it sound like “tuftology”, which is generally not far from the truth).

What is this? Which catchphrase has become essentially synonymous with tautology, and why is it most often “scold” rather than “praised”? How does pleonasm differ from tautology? Or is it the same thing? All this, of course, is based on examples, because where would we be without them?

What are tautology and pleonasm?

Translated from the ancient Greek word pleonasm - this is overkill(the use of words or phrases that are unnecessary for understanding), and tautology is this is a repetition of the same thing(thoughts, reasons, descriptions) in one sentence (in fact, this is a special case of pleonasm).

This is what can be characterized by the term - speech excesses (errors). They very often hurt your ears and pollute our speech.

I would like to emphasize that pleonasm represents a more capacious definition, because redundancy (excess) in a sentence can be created not only by the use of words with similar meanings, but also by phrases that can be safely omitted. An example of this pleonasm, which cannot be called a tautology, the following dummy phrases can serve:

A cart was driving towards the house (you can remove the phrase “in the direction” and nothing in meaning will change or be lost)
He told me that... (the phrase “about that” can be omitted without losing the essence and brevity)
Useful skill (the word “useful” is superfluous here, because the skill itself implies “useful skill”)

It seems like nothing, but it’s garbage that clogs our brain.

But still, pleonasms most often mean the duplication of meanings, i.e. clean water tautology. In addition, such examples are much brighter and more impressive than what has already been given above.

Examples of tautology and pleonasm

Most often, this disgrace occurs when they use cognates words next to each other. This can be called a “childhood disease”, because most often it is characteristic of those who are just learning to correctly and, what is important, clearly form their thoughts.

You've probably already encountered someone telling someone that this is... "oil oil". In fact, this phrase has now become synonymous with the word “tautology” and is used much more often when they want to point out to a person an obvious shortcoming identified in his speech associated with speech excesses. “Well, it’s oil!” - they say in such cases.

Examples of “single-root” tautology The following phrases can serve:

old man
pay a fee
high height
visiting guest
ask a question
white white
torrential downpour
the writer describes
the narrator told
smiled a wide smile
earned salary
ringing bell
finish to the end
good-natured good fellow
smoke is smoking
little things
had an illness
openings open

But there is examples of pleonasm(tautological sense, i.e. excess due to duplication of meanings, and not due to empty phrases), when they use not the same root words, but very close in meaning:

negative disadvantage
hot boiling water
better
very beautiful
meet for the first time
free gift
fair-haired blonde
dead corpse

Well, and one more thing examples of pleonasm without tautology(just one of the words is superfluous, because it simply cannot be any other way and it would be unnecessary to clarify):

month of January
minute of time
back of the head
future prospects
main favorite
industrial industry
blink your eyes

Examples of non-irritating tautology of pleonasms

However, there are examples when an obvious tautology is not at all annoying:

make jam
start over
fasten the clasp
treat a guest
close the lid
lean on your elbow
white underwear
black ink
dreamed about it in a dream
size disproportion
flowers bloom
serve
jam-packed
present day
highest peaks
stop at the bus stop
do the job
jokes jokes
sing songs
train with a trainer
work work
red paint (both words of the phrase are based on the root “beautiful”)

You can also give many examples when obvious pleonasms They don’t look particularly like that anymore due to their frequent and everyday use:

facial expressions
go down
rise up
another alternative
crowd of people
clenched fist
fell down
walk
ultimately
I personally
reality
my autobiography
young guy
useful skill (a skill is a “useful skill” in itself)

The latter is most likely explained simply by the force of habit. If you have heard these phrases since childhood, use them yourself and everyone around you, then comments about the fact that this is a tautology will simply look inappropriate. These phrases no longer grate the ear like those used due to misunderstanding.

Often “taffeta phrases” come into our speech from proverbs and sayings:

the fairy tale takes its toll
sit down
bitter grief
walk
live life
let's eat
guiltless guilty
free will
go to waste
apparently species

Very often, usages in one phrase lead to established (not striking) tautologies (pleonasms). words borrowed from different languages , but mean almost the same thing:

exhibition item (an exhibit is, by definition, an “exhibited item”)
people's democracy (democracy is, by definition, “the power of the people”)
memorial monument (memorial is a monument by definition of the word)
debut for the first time
free vacancy
interior interior
price list
hospitalize
memorable souvenirs
period of time
full house
import from abroad
first premiere (first debut)
folklore

Besides force of habit, tautology can be used to enhance the effect. This can be seen from most of the examples given above. You can also add to them, for example:

tightly
completely and completely
the real truth
bitter grief
clearer than ever
vanity of vanities
full full
all sorts of things
ridiculous absurdity

How to avoid tautologies and pleonasms in your speech? Read more (or write, as I do :) Thus, you will inevitably increase your vocabulary and form a culture of speech. Everything is banal, but, unfortunately, in the current 21st century of the Internet it is not so simple and feasible, because we regularly read only news headlines and messages on social networks from “bookworms” like ourselves.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site

You can watch more videos by going to

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Speech redundancy as a lexical error

The lecture discusses the main types of errors associated with speech redundancy and ways to overcome them.

Lecture outline

10.1. Speech redundancy

10.2. Tautology

10.3. Pleonasm

10.1. Speech redundancy

The French scientist, philosopher and writer Pascal once remarked: “I write long because I don’t have time to write short.” This paradoxical statement contains deep meaning: carelessness when creating a text usually results in verbosity, and brevity and clarity of speech are achieved as a result of hard work with the word. Everyone knows the famous saying of A.P. Chekhov: “Brevity is the sister of talent,” but not everyone and not always manages to choose the most accurate words in order to express a thought simply and clearly.

A typical lexical error that awaits speakers and writers is speech redundancy.

Speech redundancy - the presence of unnecessary words in the statement, verbosity.

Maxim Gorky, reading the manuscripts of young writers, always paid attention to the verbosity. For example, he did not like the passage: “We worked silently, without words. During the two hours of digging trenches, the soldiers working nearby did not exchange a single word.” In the margins, Gorky remarked: “What is the point of writing “silently, without words,” when it is clear that if a person is silent, he does not speak.”

The most famous are two types of manifestations speech redundancy:

- tautology,

- pleonasm.

10 .2. Tautology

Tautology 1. Identity, repetition of what was said in other words, without introducing anything new: Copyright words are the words of the author.

2. Repetition of cognate words in a sentence: Salary payments must be made on time.

Let's look at some examples.

From a lecture on cultural studies we found out many useful knowledge. Tautological combination learn...knowledge can be avoided: learned a lot of useful things.

We every month we pay subscriber's fee per phone. Right: we pay a fee.

In the collection proposed task options, proposed on entrance exams to leading Russian universities in recent years. Right: … options are given (collected) ...

There are many tautological combinations in the language, the use of which is inevitable, since they use terminological vocabulary: dictionary of foreign words, foreman of the fifth brigade, suffer from Graves' disease, etc.

Many related words in origin modern language have lost word-formation connections, so combinations like black ink, white linen, red paint are not tautological.

Training exercise

Find tautological combinations of words in the given examples.

1. A torrential downpour turned a small stream into a raging torrent.

Torrential downpour. Right: pouring rain or shower.

2. The project of an ultra-modern hotel was designed by a young architect.

Designed the project. Right: developed (created) the project.

3. In their free time from classes, children study in clubs.

From studying... they are studying. Right: during free time from classes...

4. This funny incident that we want to tell you about happened five years ago.

The incident happened. Right: the incident happened.

5. The plant has developed new devices and scientific developments in the field of anti-corrosion coating.

Developed... developments . Right: New devices have been created and developments have been made...

10 .3. Pleonasm

Pleonasm - speech redundancy arising from the incorrect use of words, one of which duplicates the meaning of another: souvenir, local aborigines, unexpected surprise.

Let's look at examples.

A garbage collection vehicle could successfully serve most of the city. But instead she spends hours idle uselessly in the garage. Word stand idle already contains in its meaning an indication of inaction, useless use of working time, therefore combining it with words idle, useless, without work, useless, in vain are incorrect. Right: …stays in the garage for hours.

Andrey came back, speaking loudly and energetically gesturing with hands. There are two incorrect combinations in this sentence: verb come back implies moving backwards and therefore does not need an adverb back; word gesticulate means “to make gestures, movements with hands”, and therefore a noun hands redundant. Right: Andrei returned, talking loudly and gesticulating energetically.

Life in this town stopped for a while to to be reborn again in a new capacity. In accordance with one of the meanings of the prefix air-( Wed recreate, restore) verb be reborn already contains an indication of the appearance of an action, a process again, therefore word again with this verb it is redundant, unnecessary.

The only concert of the Spanish guitarist Pepe Romero took place at full house. One of the meanings of the word sold out -“An announcement that all tickets for a spectacular event have been sold.” This word is also used in the expression with a full house (go, pass). It is a mistake to use the word full house with adjective full, since its meaning is already included in the content of the word full house. Right: … was sold out.

Unfortunately, speech redundancy is often found in oral and writing. In the following phrases, the extra words are in italics: first premier, electorate voters, all color elites, summit on top level, free vacancy, success victories, aggressive extremism, its own autobiography , immunity integrity, positive success, on the very front front, urban mayor, main priority, first leader, longing for nostalgia, front proscenium, employment at work, advanced avant-garde, joint cooperation, complete fiasco, one hundred rubles money, price-list prices, limits limits, in September month, hour time, ordinary everyday life, enter the annals history, theatertrawl role, printed press.

Despite the fact that we can find these expressions in speech quite often, they remain speech errors.

A grammatical type of pleonasm is errors in the formation of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs. For example, forms like more better, since the word better is already a form of comparative degree, so the word more unnecessary. A similar error is contained in the expression the best, where two forms are mixed superlatives adjective: simple - best and composite the best

Some pleonastic combinations have become fixed in the language. For example, exhibit of the exhibition (exhibit -"exposed" ) .

Tautology, like pleonasm, can be a stylistic device that enhances the expressiveness of speech. Thus, speech redundancy underlies many phraseological units: eat, eat, look, walk, shake, sit, all sorts of things, etc. In artistic and journalistic speech, tautological repetitions become a source of speech expression, for example, in article headings: "Extremes Far North", "Is there an accident", "The green shield asks for protection."

Training exercise

Find pleonastic expressions. Determine which word is redundant.

The young singer's first debut was very successful.
The young prodigy was known throughout the country.
He foresaw the danger that threatened him in advance.
The time will not go back when the history of our country was altered for the sake of a false ideology.
This new design doors that have no similar analogues on the world market.

Date: 2010-05-18 10:01:07

What do the news clips from which the video below is made in common? Right! In each of them the same phrase “unpleasant incident” is used. And in each of them, the editorial staff broadcast a news text with a lexical error. Let's figure out what's going on here.

We look in the explanatory dictionary for the lexical meaning of the word “incident”.

INCIDENT-A; m. [from lat. incidens (incidentis) - happening] Incident, incident of an unpleasant nature; misunderstanding. Border incidents. Possibility of incidents between smb. I. is exhausted (has no bad consequences). Big explanatory dictionary Russian language. - 1st ed.: St. Petersburg: Norint S. A. Kuznetsov. 1998.

As we can see, the word is borrowed. Its meaning in Russian encodes not only information about the event, but also its specific assessment. In this case, it is some kind of misunderstanding that happened to someone. By adding the adjective “unpleasant” to the word incident, we duplicate information and, of course, make a lexical error. This phenomenon is called pleonasm.

The discussion about total speech errors is becoming increasingly relevant in our time. Even the speech of media workers, which should be a standard, is replete with such misunderstandings, let alone ordinary people. That is why, apparently, ideas arise to introduce an oral part into the Unified State Examination in the Russian language, so that the conversation about speech errors would be conducted in the classroom in a substantive and constant manner. But it's never too late to become a schoolboy again for a while.

Pleonasm, lapalissiades, perissology, isosemy, tautology... Don't be afraid, they are not contagious.

Although it is not only facility workers who need to carefully monitor them mass media and writers. Such mistakes do not make anyone happy. They, like weeds, can spoil our speech. In order to “remove them by the roots” if possible forever, it is necessary to “know the enemy by sight.”

We have already become acquainted with pleonasm. This is a fairly common linguistic phenomenon, although many may read its name for the first time. Home it distinguishing feature- redundancy, excess. In Russian in such cases they usually say “oil oil”. By the way, this repetition of words with the same root is called tautology. Many linguists believe that tautology is a type of pleonasm.

Semantic pleonasms are associated with semantics, the lexical meaning of a word. Such pleonasms often include borrowed words. It's not hard to guess what the reason is. The person does not quite correctly understand what this word means, and adds another word, this time Russian, which duplicates the meaning of the first. This phenomenon is called perissology. Here are the most common examples:

Price list. Price list (German Preiskurant, from Preis - price and French courant - current) - a directory of prices for goods.
Timing of time. Timing (Greek chronos - time and metreo - measure) is a method of studying the time spent on performing cyclically repeating manual and machine-manual operations.
Interior. Interior (French: interiorieur)
Made his debut for the first time. Debut from French début - beginning, appearance). A debut is the first appearance of an artist in public. Opening (chess) - the beginning of a chess game.
Atmospheric air. The atmosphere (from ancient Greek ἀτμός - “steam” and σφαῖρα - “sphere”) is the air shell of the Earth.
First premiere. Premiere (French première - “first”) - first show, first performance.
There are many such examples: another alternative, free vacancy, the most optimal, nostalgia for the homeland, main priority, incriminate guilt, hair depilation, memorial monument, souvenir, folklore, biography of life, my autobiography, patriot of the motherland, work colleague, national referendum, demobilize from the army , additional bonus, exciting thriller, interactive interaction, informational message, extremely extremist, 24/7 non-stop, local aboriginal, people's democracy, unusual phenomenon, optional elective, unexpected surprise, main theme, counter-attack, future prospects, complete fiasco, completely sold out, popular hit, preliminary announcement, summit at the highest level, stable stabilization, strict taboo, screenshot from the monitor screen.
Sometimes native speakers misunderstand the lexical meaning of native words. There are also our, domestic, semantic pleonasms that go beyond language norm: torrential downpour, five rubles of money, thirty construction workers, the month of March, ultimately, to go back, met for the first time, gesticulated with his hands, nodded his head, blinked his eyes, temporary delay, illegal gangs, the main point, takes place, the real truth, short moment, personally, surprisingly strange, initial basics, unconfirmed rumors, flock of sheep, retreat back, feathered birds, repeat again, completely destroyed, pre-planning, warn in advance, equal half, mix together, joint meeting, see with your own eyes, hear with your own ears, getting a job, going up/down the stairs.

Remember these expressions and don’t let them into your speech anymore. This is exactly the case when there is obvious redundancy and duplication of information.

On the other hand, language - This is a very complex living organism, and, of course, there are cases when everything is not so simple.

Types of pleonasms

Recently, pleonasms have begun to appear more and more often, which include the abbreviation: CD, ERD diagram, IT technology, RAID array, VIP person, GPS system, SMS message. In this case, it is more difficult to get rid of duplication, since the main lexical meaning is encoded in just one letter. Moreover, this letter - the Latin alphabet, and the word that is encrypted in it is also foreign, most often English. The Russian equivalent within the expression serves as an explanation. There are also domestic abbreviation pleonasms. For example, “power lines” or “AvtoVAZ”.

Some pleonastic combinations have already become entrenched in the language and have become the norm. A striking example- “butter sandwich.”

The original meaning borrowed from German language words gradually faded from the memory of native speakers. A sandwich, as we understand it, can be made not only with butter, but also with sausage, caviar, cheese, and so on.

Another type of semantic pleonasm is verbosity. Example: he walked towards the house. This phrase contains words that add nothing to its meaning - "in the direction".

Pleonasms are not always errors. Stylistic pleonasm is characteristic of colloquial, journalistic and artistic speech, especially folklore, where pleonastic epithets and comparisons can crystallize into stable poetic formulas: path-path, pole-field, sadness-longing, grief-worry, fate-fate, young-green, ocean-ocean.

Stylistic pleonasms (they are also called expressive) are often used deliberately in fiction. This is the author's technique, not a mistake.

Oh field, field, who are you
Dotted dead bones?
Whose greyhound horse trampled you
IN last hour bloody battle?

Agree that Pushkin’s pleonasm from “Ruslan and Lyudmila” adds imagery.

And here is a vivid speech description of one of Chekhov’s characters. “Take this case for example... I disperse the people, and on the shore on the sand drowned corpse of a dead man. For what reason, I ask, does he lie here? Is this order? What is the police officer looking at? Why, I say, police officer, don’t you let your superiors know? Maybe this drowned dead man drowned himself, or maybe this thing smells like Siberia. Maybe there is a criminal homicide here...”(A.P. Chekhov, “Unter Prishibeev”)

To be fair, it must be said that pleonasm in linguistics is not considered exclusively a speech error. Scientists define it more broadly. This is precisely a speech pattern that, under certain circumstances, either goes beyond the boundaries of the norm or is considered completely acceptable. IN colloquial speech it can be used to enhance emotion or comedy.

Lyapalissiad: what kind of animal is this?

Here interesting example- English poem " Guinea pig"(translation by S.Ya. Marshak):

Guinea pig
Was
Mala
And that means she wasn’t a big pig.
The legs worked
The little pig has
When I ran away
She's on the path.
But she didn’t stand
When I was running,
And she was not silent
When she screamed.
But suddenly for some reason
She died
And from this moment
I wasn't alive.

The poet used the lyapalisiad in this text . This is another type of verbal redundancy - a statement of obviously obvious facts, bordering on absurdity. They usually create a comic effect in inappropriate, sometimes even tragic situations: “he was dead and did not hide it.”

Lapalissades received their exotic name under very interesting circumstances. The term is derived from the name of the French marshal Marquis Jacques de La Palis. According to legend, the soldiers composed a song about him, which included a play on words: “S’il n’était pas mort, Il ferait encore envie” (if he had not been dead, they would have envied him). The phrase can be read differently: “S’il n’était pas mort, Il serait encore en vie” (if he were not dead, he would be alive).

Tautological tautologies

Many scientists recognize tautology as one of the varieties of semantic pleonasms. This term is better known and is usually strongly associated with the phrase “oil”, which we already mentioned above. These are expressions that include repetition of the same (single root) or similar words. Most often this repetition is unfounded: smiled, smile, young girl, resume again, ask a question.

If pleonasm is an unreasonable excess, verbosity, as they say, “woe from mind,” then tautology is considered a more serious speech error, since it usually indicates a poverty of vocabulary and illiteracy.

But there are exceptions here too. Sometimes a tautology is a variant of the norm. For example, in colloquial and poetic speech the following combinations are used: bitter grief, wonderful miracle, wondrous wonder, black night, white day, icy water, mortal melancholy. Such epithets are considered quite characteristic feature poetic speech.

On the Internet I found a wonderful example of a parody that perfectly explains the essence of the tautology. The Moldovan comic duo “Ostap and Bender” came up with a miniature called "An Unusual Lesson", where almost all dialogues deliberately include tautological expressions. At the end of the scene the following poem sounds:

Lukomorye has a crafty bow,
Chain chain on that chain.
Half day to noon
Somewhere around noon
The walker is a stilted walker.
He will go to the right, from the right - right,
He goes to the left - left there.
There are more wonderful miracles there,
There were no more wonderful miracles.
There on unknown paths
Traces are chasing, watching.
There's a chicken on chicken legs
Kurei supervises while smoking.
And I was there, I was there, I was there,
I drank honey with honey...

In addition to semantic pleonasms, there are also syntactic ones. In them, redundancy and duplication of information extends not to one expression, but to entire syntactic structures. Compare two sentences: “She told me that she would come tomorrow” And "She told me she would come tomorrow."

Both sentences are grammatically correct, but the words “about” are considered in this case as pleonastic, that is, redundant.

Time to test yourself

Let's now consolidate the result and try ourselves in the role of a strict and impartial television editor. Find semantic pleonasms in the proposed videos. By the way, all of them have already been met earlier in this article. At the same time, we'll check your attention.

If you personally found all 15 errors, then you can consider the test on the topic “Lexical errors. Pleonasm" in your pocket. Apparently you learned your lesson well in the end.

E.N. Gekkina
senior researcher at the Institute linguistic research RAS,
Candidate of Philological Sciences

PLEONASM (Greek – excess).

1. A means of lexical expressiveness, based on the use in a sentence or text of words that are close in meaning, creating semantic redundancy.

Pleonasm is found in folklore: once upon a time, sadness-longing, path-path, sea-okiyan. This device is also widely used in fiction, usually for the purpose of specifying the details of the story or enhancing emotions and assessments: Extremely strange indeed! - said the official, - the place completely smooth like a freshly baked pancake. Yes, incredibly smooth! (N. Gogol, “The Nose”); The old fear seized him again everything, from head to toe (F. Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”); – I didn't see you whole week, I didn't hear you so long. I I passionately want, I thirsty your voice. Speak.(A. Chekhov, “Ionych”).

2. A type of lexical error associated with a violation of the norms of lexical compatibility, when words that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view are used in a phrase or sentence. For example, in the sentence They ensured the rhythmic and uninterrupted operation of the enterprise definitions express similar meanings; here one of them is sufficient. Author's inscription on the cover of the book Dedicated to my dad – Sergei Mikhailovich pleonastic; Enough Dedicated to my dad...

Typical examples of non-normative pleonasm are phrases in which the meaning of one word repeats the meaning of another: more important (more redundant, since more important means “more important”), first premiere (premiere is enough - “the first presentation of a play, film or performance piece of music"), atmospheric air (enough air - “a mixture of gases that forms the Earth’s atmosphere”), ultimately(Right ultimately or enough in the end), go back(the verb return indicates movement back, in the opposite direction), import from abroad(it is enough to import - “import from abroad”).

Some pleonastic phrases have become entrenched in the language and are not considered erroneous, For example: go down, go up, time period, exhibition exhibit(Latin exhibitus means "on display"), people's democracy(democracy translated from Greek means “power of the people”).

In fiction and journalism, non-normative lexical redundancy can act as a means of speech characterization of characters: – Here you are laugh And bare your teeth, - said Vasya, - and I really, Marya Vasilievna, warmly love you adore And I love (M. Zoshchenko, “Love”).

TAUTOLOGY (Greek - the same and - word) - a type of pleonasm; the use of cognate words in a sentence or text.

Tautology is found in proverbs and sayings: Friendship is friendship, A service by service; Live life– don’t cross the field; Free will ; in phraseological units: walk around, jam-packed, eat .

Expressively colored tautological combinations are characteristic of folklore: Soon the fairy tale takes its toll, not soon the job is done; let's sit, bitter grief .

The deliberate use of cognate words serves as a means of lexical expressiveness in fiction and journalism: “ Gorky laughing mine I'll laugh "(N. Gogol); " How the mind is smart, How business wise, // How fear is terrible, How darkness is dark!// How life is alive! How death is fatal! // How youth young girl ! "(Z. Ezrohi), " Law There is law "(from the newspaper).

Tautology is lexical error, if the use of cognate words is not justified by stylistic purposes and is random: put together, dance a dance, have a sportsmanlike attitude towards sports, confirm a statement. Usually an unintentional tautology is spoken of as follows: oil oil.

Speech redundancy- this is a problem born largely due to the author’s reluctance to spend time and effort on polishing his own text. That is, instead of indicating his thought with a couple of precisely formulated phrases, the writer embarks on long explanations, which give us verbal redundancy.

Speech redundancy in a text can manifest itself in various forms.

Sometimes you can observe an obsessive explanation of already known truths: Daily consumption of milk is a healthy habit; not only children, but also adults eat milk; the habit of milk can persist until old age. Can this habit be called harmful? Should I give it up? Of course not!

Speech redundancy also occurs when the same thought is conveyed repeatedly. For example: Russian athletes arrived at Olympic Games in order to take part in competitions in which not only ours, but also many foreign athletes will participate.

In some cases, the manifestation of speech redundancy may border on the absurd: The body was clearly dead and showed it with all its appearance. In literary theory, such examples are called Lapalissiades. The name of the term is derived from the name of the French marshal Marquis La Palis, who died in 1525. The fact is that the soldiers composed a song about the deceased commander, which contained the following words: Our commander was alive 25 minutes before his death. Lapalissades add inappropriate comedy to speech, asserting obvious truths. And inappropriateness, as a rule, is expressed in the fact that such phrases emerge in situations associated with the most tragic circumstances.

Pleonasm.

Pleonasm (from the gr. pleonasmos - excess) - this is the use in speech of words that are close in meaning and therefore unnecessary ( foresee in advance, speak out loud, dark night, etc..). Pleonasms arise mainly due to the stylistic negligence of the author. For example, when connecting synonyms: boring and dull; helped and contributed; nevertheless, however; so, for example.

However, in addition to obvious errors and oversights, there is the concept of “ imaginary pleonasm", which the writer uses consciously as a means of enhancing the expressiveness of speech: Not will go back a time when the history of our country was rewritten to suit someone's petty interests. Such a deliberate discrepancy attracts the reader’s attention, enhancing the expressive effect.

It would not be out of place to mention that the use of pleonastic combinations is very characteristic of folklore. As is known, verbally folk art expressively colored pleonasms have long been used, such as once upon a time, sea-okiyan, path-path and others.

Tautology.

A special case of pleonasm is tautology. Tautology(from the gr. tauto - the same, logos - word) arises as when repeating words with the same root ( ask a riddle, stop at a bus stop), and when combining a foreign and Russian word that duplicates its meaning ( young prodigy, first debut, interior). The second case is often called hidden tautology, and often this indicates that the speaker does not understand the exact meaning of the borrowed word.

In general, tautology - and in fact, the unintentional use of combinations of words with the same root - is a very common mistake. And even with careful proofreading of the text, it is not always possible to detect all tautological connectives. However, I believe that such repetitions should not always be considered as errors. Indeed, in many cases it is simply impossible to avoid tautology, and excluding a single-root word from a sentence and replacing it with a synonym does not always give the desired effect - very often this leads to a distortion of meaning or impoverishment of speech. It can be considered that a pair of cognate words in a close context are stylistically justified if such words are the only carriers of the corresponding meanings and they cannot be replaced by synonyms ( edit – editor; cook – jam, etc..)

Exceptions include the use of terminological vocabulary, which also often gives rise to tautological combinations ( dictionary of foreign words, investigation by investigative agencies, etc..)

12. Correlation of the concepts “bureaucracy”, “stamp”, “standard”.

When analyzing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, special attention You should pay attention to words associated with formal business style. Elements of official business style, introduced into a stylistically alien context for them, are called bureaucracy. It should be remembered that these speech means are called clericalism only when they are used in speech that is not bound by the norms of official business style.

Lexical and phraseological clericalisms include words and phrases that have a typical formal business style coloring ( presence, for lack of, in order to avoid, reside, withdraw, the above, takes place etc.). Their use makes speech inexpressive ( If there is a desire, much can be done to improve the working conditions of workers; There is currently a shortage of teaching staff).

As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding bureaucracy. For example, why would a journalist write: Marriage is a negative aspect of the enterprise's activities, if you can say: It’s bad when a company produces defective products; Marriage is unacceptable at work; Marriage is a great evil that must be fought; We must prevent defects in production; We must finally stop producing defective products!; You can't put up with marriage! Simple and specific wording has a stronger impact on the reader.

A clerical flavor of speech is often given verbal nouns formed using suffixes -eni-, -ani- etc. ( identifying, finding, taking, swelling, closing) and suffixless ( tailoring, stealing, time off). Their clerical tone is aggravated by consoles Not-, under- (non-detection, under-fulfillment). Russian writers often parodied a syllable “decorated” with such bureaucracy [ The matter of gnawing the plan by mice(Hertz.); The case of a crow flying into and breaking glass(Writing); Having announced to the widow Vanina that in her failure to attach a sixty-kopeck stamp...(Ch.)].

Verbal nouns do not have the categories of tense, aspect, mood, voice, or person. This narrows their expressive capabilities compared to verbs. For example, the following sentence lacks precision: From the side of the farm manager V.I. Shlyk showed a negligent attitude towards milking and feeding cows. One might think that the manager milked and fed the cows poorly, but the author only wanted to say that Farm manager V.I. Shlyk did nothing to ease the work of the milkmaids or prepare feed for the livestock. The inability to express the meaning of voice with a verbal noun can lead to ambiguity in the construction of the type professor's statement(professor asserts or him claim?), I love singing(I love sing or listen when they sing?).

In sentences with verbal nouns, the predicate is often expressed by the passive form of the participle or a reflexive verb; this deprives the action of activity and enhances the clerical coloring of speech [ After visiting the sights, tourists were allowed to take photographs of them.(better: Tourists were shown the sights and allowed to photograph them)].

However, not all verbal nouns in the Russian language belong to the official business vocabulary; they are varied in stylistic coloring, which largely depends on the characteristics of their lexical meaning and word formation. Verbal nouns with the meaning of person ( teacher, self-taught, confused, bully), many nouns with the meaning of action ( running, crying, playing, washing, shooting, bombing).

Verbal nouns with book suffixes can be divided into two groups. Some are stylistically neutral ( meaning, name, excitement), many of them -nie changed in -nye, and they began to denote not an action, but its result (cf.: baking pies - sweet cookies, boiling cherries - cherry jam). Others retain a close connection with verbs, acting as abstract names of actions, processes ( acceptance, non-detection, non-admission). It is precisely such nouns that most often have a clerical connotation; only those that have received a strict terminological meaning in the language do not have it ( drilling, spelling, joining).

The use of clericalisms of this type is associated with the so-called “splitting of the predicate”, i.e. replacing a simple verbal predicate with a combination of a verbal noun with an auxiliary verb that has a weakened lexical meaning (instead of complicates, leads to complication). So, they write: This leads to complexity, confusion of accounting and increased costs., or better yet write: This complicates and confuses accounting and increases costs..

However, when assessing this phenomenon stylistically, one cannot go to the extreme, rejecting any cases of using verbal-nominal combinations instead of verbs. In book styles the following combinations are often used: took part instead of participated, gave instructions instead of indicated etc. Verb-nominal combinations have become established in the official business style. declare gratitude, accept for execution, impose a penalty(in these cases the verbs thank, fulfill, exact inappropriate) etc. IN scientific style terminological combinations are used such as visual fatigue occurs, self-regulation occurs, transplantation is performed etc. IN journalistic style expressions function workers went on strike, clashes occurred with the police, an attempt was made on the minister's life etc. In such cases, verbal nouns cannot be avoided and there is no reason to consider them clericalisms.

The use of verb-nominal combinations sometimes even creates conditions for speech expression. For example, the combination take an active part more capacious in meaning than a verb participate. The definition of a noun allows you to give the verb-nominal combination a precise terminological meaning (cf.: help - provide emergency medical care). The use of a verbal-nominal combination instead of a verb can also help eliminate the lexical ambiguity of verbs (cf.: give a horn - blow a horn). The preference for such verbal-nominal combinations over verbs is naturally beyond doubt; their use does not damage the style, but, on the contrary, gives the speech greater effectiveness.

The influence of official business style often explains the unjustified use denominative prepositions: along the line, in section, in part, in business, by virtue of, for the purposes of, to the address, in the region, in plan, at the level, at the expense of etc. They have become widespread in book styles, and under certain conditions their use is stylistically justified. However, often passion for them damages the presentation, weighing down the style and giving it a clerical coloring. This is partly due to the fact that denominal prepositions usually require the use of verbal nouns, which leads to a string of cases. For example: By improving the organization of repayment of arrears in the payment of wages and pensions, improving the culture of customer service, trade turnover in government and commercial stores - the accumulation of verbal nouns, many identical case forms made the sentence ponderous and cumbersome. To correct the text, it is necessary to exclude the denominal preposition from it, and, if possible, replace verbal nouns with verbs. Let's assume this edit option: To increase turnover in government and commercial stores, it is necessary to pay wages on time and not delay pensions for citizens, as well as improve the culture of customer service.

Some authors use denominative prepositions automatically, without thinking about their meaning, which is partly still preserved in them. For example: Due to lack of materials, construction has been suspended(as if someone foresaw that there would be no materials, and therefore construction was suspended). Incorrect use of denominative prepositions often leads to illogical statements.

The exclusion of denominative prepositions from the text, as we see, eliminates verbosity and helps to express thoughts more specifically and stylistically correctly.

The influence of official business style is usually associated with the use of speech cliches. Speech stamps words and expressions with erased semantics and faded emotional overtones become widely used. Thus, in a variety of contexts, the expression to obtain registration begins to be used in a figurative meaning ( Each ball that flies into the goal net receives a permanent registration in the tables; Petrovsky's muse has a permanent residence in our hearts; Aphrodite was included in the permanent exhibition of the museum - now she is registered in our city).

Any frequently repeated speech device can become a stamp, for example, stereotyped metaphors, definitions that have lost their figurative power due to constant reference to them, even hackneyed rhymes ( tears - roses). However, in practical stylistics, the term “speech stamp” has acquired a narrower meaning: this is the name for stereotypical expressions that have a clerical overtone.

Among the speech cliches that arose as a result of the influence of the official business style on other styles, we can highlight, first of all, cliched figures of speech: on at this stage, in this period of time, today, emphasized with all its severity etc. As a rule, they do not contribute anything to the content of the statement, but only clog up the speech: At this time, a difficult situation has arisen with the liquidation of debt to supplier enterprises; At present, the payment of wages to miners is under constant control; At this stage, the crucian carp spawns normally, etc. Excluding the highlighted words will not change anything in the information.

Speech stamps also include universal words, which are used in a wide variety of, often too broad, vague meanings ( question, event, series, carry out, unfold, separate, specific etc.). For example, noun question, acting as a universal word, never indicates what is being asked about ( Nutrition issues are especially important in the first 10-12 days; The issues of timely collection of taxes from enterprises and commercial structures deserve great attention.). In such cases, it can be painlessly excluded from the text (cf.: Nutrition is especially important in the first 10-12 days; It is necessary to collect taxes from enterprises and commercial structures in a timely manner).

Word be, as a universal, is also often superfluous; You can verify this by comparing two editions of sentences from newspaper articles:

Unjustified use of linking verbs is one of the most common stylistic flaws in specialized literature. However, this does not mean that linking verbs should be prohibited; their use should be appropriate and stylistically justified.

Speech stamps include paired words, or satellite words; the use of one of them necessarily suggests the use of the other (cf.: event - carried out, scope - wide, criticism - harsh, problem - unresolved, urgent etc.). The definitions in these pairs are lexically defective; they give rise to speech redundancy. Speech cliches, relieving the speaker of the need to look for the necessary, exact words, deprive speech of concreteness. For example: This season was held at a high organizational level- this sentence can be inserted into a report about hay harvesting, and about sports competitions, and about preparing housing for winter, and about harvesting grapes...

The set of speech cliches changes over the years: some are gradually forgotten, others become “fashionable”, so it is impossible to list and describe all cases of their use. It is important to understand the essence of this phenomenon and prevent the emergence and spread of cliches.

Language standards should be distinguished from speech cliches. Language standards are called ready-made means of expression reproduced in speech, used in a journalistic style. Unlike a stamp, “a standard... does not cause a negative attitude, since it has clear semantics and expresses thoughts economically, facilitating the speed of information transfer.” Language standards include, for example, the following combinations that have become stable: Public sector workers, employment services, international humanitarian aid, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, branches Russian authorities, according to informed sources, - phrases like household service (nutrition, health, relaxation etc.). These speech units are widely used by journalists, since it is impossible to invent new means of expression in each specific case.

A cluster of verbal nouns, chains of identical case forms, and speech cliches firmly “block” the perception of such statements that are impossible to comprehend. Our journalism has successfully overcome this “style”, and it “decorates” only the speech of individual speakers and officials in government institutions. However, while they are in their leadership positions, the problem of combating bureaucracy and speech cliches has not lost its relevance.

13. Literary editing as one of the components of the journalist’s profession: the concept of literary editing; the place of literary editing in the process of preparing a manuscript for publication; literary editing tasks

Literary editing is the search for the most accurate verbal expression of formulations, certain ideas, specific judgments or concepts, as well as arguments proving the author’s position. Literary editing - this is a reading of the text that may require not only the correction of individual errors, but also the reworking of individual fragments of the text, the restructuring of sentences, the removal of unnecessary repetitions, the elimination of ambiguity, etc., so that the form of the text best matches its content.

Literary editing involves correcting stylistic flaws. Stylistic errors are understood as various types of errors associated with a violation of style and Literary norms in general, including incorrect choice of word form, choice of inappropriate, inappropriate general style text of a stylistic variant, etc.

Problems lit. edits:

Evaluation of the manuscript in terms of suitability of the text for its purpose

Identification of substantive advantages and disadvantages, verification of the accuracy and reliability of facts

Assessment of the literary qualities of the text: compositional, genre, stylistic and logical