Innovative activities in problem solving

Increasing production efficiency at forestry enterprises

Innovation activities and innovation processes.

Innovation policy

Legislative and regulatory support for the implementation of innovation policy.

Classification of innovations

Information support of the innovation sphere and protection of innovative property.

Innovative activities of foreign countries

Innovative activities in the forestry complex of the Russian Federation.

Before considering problematic issues of innovation activity and innovation processes, it is necessary to dwell on those concepts that are included in the terms used in this area.

What's happened innovation activity?

Innovation activity is a set of sequential actions to create a new or improved product and organize its production based on the use of research and development results or transferred production experience.

What is meant by the concept of innovation?

Innovation is the final result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product sold on the market, a new or improved technological process used in practical activities.

What is the innovation process.

Innovation process– this is a naturally and consistently alternating system of specific activities for conducting scientific research and development, creating innovations and mastering them directly in production in order to create new or improved products (technology).

Subjects of innovation activity.

Subjects of innovation activity are legal entities, regardless of the organizational and legal form of activity and form of ownership, as well as individuals carrying out innovative activities.

Transfer of innovations.

Transfer of innovations is the transfer of the right to use innovations and innovations as carriers of new values ​​(values) to other subjects of innovation activity.

Innovation infrastructure.

Innovation infrastructure is a set of organizations that facilitate the implementation of innovation activities (information technology centers, technology incubators, technology parks, educational and business centers and other specialized organizations).

Technopark is an organization that carries out innovative activities and the formation of an innovative environment in a certain territory on the basis of cooperation with educational and scientific organizations, authorities and management. The activities of the technology park are aimed at the formation, development, support and preparation for independent activities of innovative entrepreneurship, commercial development of scientific knowledge, inventions, high-tech technologies, and their transfer to the market of scientific and technical products.

Innovation activities and innovation processes

Technological processes and their technical components become obsolete over time due to the impact of both physical and moral wear and tear. But here it is appropriate to recall the thesis, once put forward by I.V. Stalin, that in our country obsolescence does not take place. On what basis was it formulated? It is impossible to replace the entire fleet of aging equipment and outdated technologies at once. This requires time and capacity in the production of means of production. And what is morally obsolete in the leading industries, but physically can still work, must be transferred to less significant spheres of material production.

This thesis has not lost its meaning today and is expressed in the creation of a secondary market for used equipment, and therefore technology.

Innovative activity in all spheres of public activity consists in the continuous systematic work of the entire logistics chain, including fundamental and applied science, development new technology and technology, introducing innovations into production practices, bringing the resulting products in the form of goods to final consumption.

Production structures those in market conditions must constantly take care of the competitiveness of their products. Keep in sight the problems of reducing the cost of its production. And this means constantly analyzing the activities of all its structural divisions, both in production and non-production production areas. Do not lose sight of the system of material, technical, fuel and energy support, the sales system, i.e. a system for promoting its products to the end consumer. This purpose is served by the analysis of production, economic and financial activities an enterprise on the basis of which solutions are developed to improve the efficiency of the production process and sales. And for the purpose of improving equipment and technology, developing requirements for improving the consumer properties of products, functional-cost analysis is used.

Based on analytical research, it is born Idea or Concept an innovation that requires certain steps to be implemented (Figure 1).

Rice. 1. Scheme of the innovation process.

The innovation process is carried out at all stages life cycle innovation:

Analysis of the technical level of the product (equipment, technology), drawing conclusions and developing proposals;

Theoretical development using fundamental research, searching for a solution to a problem, developing a concept;

Applied research, development work;

Project materialization, testing and development, protection of intellectual property rights;

Commercialization and practical use of innovation, market development.

Innovative activity in the Russian timber industry has its own characteristics.

Innovative processes in the field of logging production are influenced by a wide variety of natural and production conditions. Large variation in the species composition of forest plantations and their taxation indicators. Uneven distribution of social, industrial and transport infrastructure.

In the woodworking industries, problems are no less complex, but the most important are solving the problems of specialization, combination, cooperation and concentration of production.

On modern stage A big obstacle to the development of innovation is the destruction of industry research institutes and design bureaus. The focus on outside help is illusory, since in a competitive environment it is really innovative technologies production and management processes and are classified. The automatic transfer of foreign practice to Russian conditions is not always acceptable.

Shifting the center of gravity in financing innovative activities to the owners of enterprises without significant government assistance has not yet produced positive results. The formation of applied R&D topics is placed in the hands of officials involved in the management system. The existing competitive system of financing work, when half a year formation is underway topics and competitions, and no more than 3-5 months are allotted for the work, does not contribute to the formation of highly professional workforces. The surviving forestry engineering factories do not have their own financial resources to carry out a cycle of work to create innovative technology, since development technical systems without creation and testing new technology does not bring the desired results.

• 1.1 Basic concepts of the course: innovation, innovation, innovation process, innovation activity.
• 1.2 Historical trends in the development of innovation.
• 1.3 Classifications of innovative activities.
• 1.4 The importance of innovation processes for the service sector.

Basic concepts of the course: innovation, innovation, innovation process, innovation activity

Currently, the term “innovation” is widely used in a variety of fields. public life: economics and politics, medicine and education, film distribution and theater, museums and socio-cultural service, etc. It is used to characterize innovations introduced into life. At the same time, innovation is usually understood as “the formalized result of fundamental, applied research, development or experimental work in any field of activity to improve its efficiency. Innovations can take the form of discoveries, inventions, patents, trademarks, innovation proposals, documentation for a new or improved product, technology, management or production process, know-how, concepts, scientific approaches or principles, etc. Innovation is the end result of introducing an innovation with the aim of changing the object of management and obtaining economic, social, environmental, scientific, technical or other type of effect.”

The main thing in innovation is not changing the nature of management, but the final result of a particular practical activity. Although innovation will be a change in management, it is not always necessary to achieve a practical change or effect. If innovation is something new, expressed in knowledge (ideas, concepts, theory, principles, methods, etc.), then innovation is the embodiment of innovation in various things, processes, relationships (for example, in technical devices, in production technologies services, in the organization of production of services, in the content of services, in the process of consumption of services, etc.). Innovations can be developed both for one’s own needs and for sale. Innovation, as a process of introducing innovations, characterizes a change in the result of a company’s activities (quality of a product or service, introduction of a new service, etc.).

It is necessary to distinguish innovation as a result of introducing innovation into the practice of a service company from the process of introducing innovation, which has an independent character and is called innovation activity. Innovative activity includes the development of ways, forms, means, methods of introducing innovation into reality, i.e. the process of introducing and disseminating innovation, turning it into innovation. The process of innovation activity receives its logical conclusion, embodied in innovation as a new phenomenon or quality of service. Innovation is the result of preliminary innovation activity.

The specificity of innovation in the service sector, in contrast to the economic sphere and others, is due to the fact that here the economic effect is not in first place (although here too it has great value), and the effects of improving the content of the service process are improving the quality of the service, its safety, accessibility, consumption process, etc. This is due to the individual focus of the service. Therefore, such effects as aesthetic, educational, ethical, hedonistic and others come to the fore here.

In the implementation of innovative activities, it is very important to distinguish innovations from insignificant changes in services, technological processes, in the organization of services, which do not have a significant impact, qualitative change on the entire service process or its individual elements. Insignificant changes in their essence should be called simple innovations introduced into practical activities. Bureaucratic officials are often carried away by such innovations to demonstrate their activity. Innovations always affect essential properties that lead to changes in quality (and, of course, in better side) the process as a whole or its individual elements. Therefore, innovation always represents significant and progressive changes.

Summarizing everything noted above, we can give the following definition. Innovation in the service sector is the result of the introduction of new ideas, views, theories and other knowledge into service practice, which improve the quality of both service activities as a whole and its individual elements.

Innovation is a consequence of the implementation of the innovation process. Essentially, the innovation process is the process of transforming scientific knowledge and other forms of innovation into innovation. It represents a consistent chain of actions during which innovation matures from a concept, an idea to a final product, technology, service that receives practical use in the service. The innovation process does not end with the creation of an innovative service, technology, or product. It also includes the processes of spreading innovation - diffusion, since further improvement of the innovation can occur in them.

The structure of the innovation process consists of the following stages:

• 1) Innovative idea.
• 2) Research and development.
• 3) Marketing research of the services market.
• 4) Sociocultural and technical and technological design.
• 5) Production implementation (production of a new or modernized service, retraining of service company personnel, etc.)
• 6) Providing innovative services.
• 7) Diffusion of innovation (both in divisions, branches of a given company and in other service enterprises and organizations).

This structure of the innovation process contains the main elements of the innovation mechanism, which operates in individual service firms, enterprises, organizations and forms a micro-innovation service mechanism. At the same time, we can talk about the innovative process of development of the entire service sector in society, i.e., about the macro-innovation process. Its mechanism and structure are formed by the following elements:

• - applied scientific research and experimental design developments;
• -state innovation policy in the service sector;
• -innovative potential of the sphere (natural, sociocultural and historical resources, cultural and educational level of the population, technical and technological level of society, availability of trained personnel, etc.);
• -innovation infrastructure; innovative programs.

The innovation process is based on innovation activity. Innovation activity is an activity aimed at using innovations, the results of applied scientific research and development work to improve the quality of service. Innovative activity involves the implementation of a complex of scientific, sociocultural (literary, musical, educational, entertainment, educational, etc.), organizational, technical, technological, financial, marketing and other activities, which together lead to innovation in the service sector.

The main types of innovative activities in the service sector are:

• 1) Production developments, including a radical change in the content of the service or its significant modernization, qualitative improvement in production technology and service provision, retraining of personnel in connection with innovations.
• 2) Marketing of new services, which involves researching the service market, adapting innovative services to different markets, and an advertising campaign.
• 3) Acquisition of new intangible technology related to the production and provision of new services (patents, licenses, brands, know-how, etc.).
• 4) Acquisition of new embodied technology in the form of machines, instruments, equipment necessary for the production and provision of new services.
• 5) Manufacturing Design and the creation of new or reconstruction of old production and provision of services.

The subjects of innovation activity are employees of service firms, organizations, enterprises, as well as employees of contracting organizations directly involved in the innovation process. Among the subjects, the innovator stands out - the author of an innovative idea, its active promoter and implementer in practice. At the macro level, the subjects are enterprise firms and organizations carrying out innovative activities. The objects of innovation activity at the micro level are individual firms, enterprises, organizations, and at the macro level - the entire service sector of society.

• Fatkhutdinov R. A. Innovative management: Textbook for universities. 5th edition - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007. - pp. 14-15.

Innovation process

1. The innovation process is the process of creating and disseminating innovations (innovations).

2. The innovation process is understood as an activity that permeates scientific, technical, production, marketing and sales processes in the production of new products and services and is aimed at meeting specific social needs.

The concept of “innovation process” is broader than the concept of “innovation”, because innovation itself (innovation) is one of the components of the innovation process.

One of the fundamental issues concerning the dynamics of the innovation process is the reduction of the time interval, the lag between the emergence of new knowledge and its use, implementation, i.e. innovation. In other words, there is often a significant time gap between the first two components of the innovation process - innovation and innovation, which slows down the innovation process as a whole.

Important side this process is innovative ability. Innovation ability is understood as a structural characteristic of an organization of social and economic life in a country or an individual corporation to the rapid adoption of production and distribution of new products and services.

Main components of the innovation process

Thus, the innovation process is a sequential chain of events from a new idea to its implementation in a specific product, service or technology, and the further dissemination of the innovation.

Generalized logical model of the innovation process based on American approaches

In general, a generalized logical model of the innovation process based on American approaches reveals two strategic lines:

1) development of social needs,

2) development of science and technology.

Both of these somewhat isolated directions closely interact with each other through three enlarged blocks:

1. Development of a conceptual solution (taking into account unmet market needs, new ideas and financial and other opportunities to ensure implementation).

2. Development of a technical solution (based on research, technical development and experiments).

3. Introduction of new products on the market (based on conducting market research and organizing the production of new products on the required scale).

To organize the management of a complex innovation process, it is necessary to carry out the so-called structuring of this process, that is, breaking it down into certain component parts.

In an enlarged form, the structuring scheme is usually formulated as follows: research - development - production - marketing - sales. It is presented in more detail in the following form, more suitable for practical work:

a) fundamental research - applied research- development - market research - design - market planning - pilot production - market testing - commercial production - marketing of new products.

b) FI – PI – R – Pr – S – OS – PP – M – Sat,

where FI is fundamental (theoretical) research;

PI – applied research;

R – development;

Pr – design;

C – construction;

OS – mastering;

PP – industrial production;

M – marketing;

Sat – sales.

From the above it follows that innovation - the result - must be considered taking into account the innovation process. Three properties are equally important for innovation: scientific and technical novelty, industrial applicability, commercial feasibility. The absence of any of them has a negative impact on the innovation process.

Structuring the innovation process by stages:

1. Generating a new idea

2. Development and experimental implementation of the idea

3. Development in production

4. Mass release

5. Sales (consumption)

From the moment it is accepted for distribution, an innovation acquires a new quality and becomes an innovation.

The process of introducing an innovation to the market is called commercialization process. The period of time between the emergence of an innovation and its implementation into an innovation is called innovation lag.

There are three forms of the innovation process: simple intra-organizational (natural), simple inter-organizational (commodity) and extended.

A simple intra-organizational innovation process involves the creation and use of an innovation within the same organization. The innovation in this case does not directly take commodity form.

In a simple inter-organizational individual entrepreneur, the innovation acts as an object of purchase and sale. This form of the innovation process means separating the function of the creator and producer of innovation from the function of its consumer.

Enhanced Innovation Process is manifested in the fact that new innovation producers emerge and break the monopoly of the pioneer producer. As a result, through mutual competition, the consumer properties of the manufactured product are improved. In the conditions of a commodity individual entrepreneur, there are two economic entities: the producer (creator) and the consumer (user) of innovations.

A simple innovation process turns into a commodity process in two phases:

1. creation of an innovation and its dissemination;

2. diffusion of innovation.

The first phase is the successive stages of scientific research, development work, the organization of pilot production and sales, and the organization of commercial production. In the first phase, the beneficial effect of the innovation is not yet realized, but only the prerequisites for such implementation are created.

In the second phase, the socially beneficial effect is redistributed between the producers of the innovation, as well as between producers and consumers. The second phase is preceded by the diffusion of innovation.

Diffusion of innovation- This information process, the form and speed of which depend on the power of communication channels, the characteristics of the perception of information by business entities, and their ability to practically use this information.

Diffusion of innovation- the process by which an innovation is transmitted through communication channels between members of a social system over time. Innovations can be ideas, objects, technologies, organizational structures, which are new for the relevant business entity. Diffusion is the spread of an innovation that has already been mastered and used in new conditions or places of application.

In the world practice of developed countries, three main forms can be distinguished: organization of innovations:

Administrative and economic;

Target;

Initiative.

Administrative and economic form is based on stable goals and strategies and a sustainable production and technological base. It is suitable for the systematic and evolutionary use of scientific and technical potential. This form of organization is used in large scientific and technical centers and in the scientific divisions of large corporations.

Target form organization of innovation is used in cases of sudden changes in requirements from external environment; it is adapted to meet changing goals requiring rapid changes in production and technology.

This form enables technological breakthroughs when large economic reserves need to be pooled. It is implemented in industry through various types interorganizational cooperation.

To implement large projects where there is scientific novelty (for example, the creation of a new type of aircraft), targeted forms of organizing innovative processes are used. Here we can distinguish two types of organization: program-targeted and cooperative-targeted.

The first, program-targeted, is focused on the specified final goal of the program. A program management body is being created, which is based on economic relations(agreements, contracts) between the participants in its implementation. Once the goal is achieved, the organization ceases to exist.

The cooperative-target form of organization provides for the creation by interested organizations of a new enterprise that carries out certain stages innovation process mainly on their own. Upon achieving its goal, the organization is either disbanded or transformed into another field of activity. Initiative form The organization of innovative activities is focused on the maximum use of human potential, which operates in conditions of uncertainty in the scientific and technical environment.

The concepts of “innovation”, “innovation process”, “innovation activity”. Types of innovation and subjects of innovation activity

The concept of “innovation” appeared in scientific research of the 20th century. and originally meant the penetration of some elements of one culture into another. In Russia, innovation was originally understood as a newly formed word in a language that arose in a given language later

Innovation and innovation are identical categories. Innovation and innovation are different categories.

An innovation can be a discovery of fundamental science or an invention by an innovator, a pattern established by a scientist or a new property and (or) phenomenon found in any product, substance, design solution, and also an innovation will be new way in the organization, in production management.

Innovation is implemented new product, a new production method mastered new material, carried out implementation a new way of organizing and managing the activities of an enterprise. Consequently, innovation (innovation) is an innovation (idea, discovery) introduced into practice.

At the same time, the concept of innovation is identical to the concept of the innovation process. The innovation process is a sequential chain of events during which the idea of ​​a proposed innovation is transformed into a specific product, technology or service, implemented and distributed to consumers. Thus, the stages or stages of the innovation process are carried out sequentially:

1. Origin (awareness of the need and search for innovation, idea, discovery, invention). To begin the innovation process, it is necessary to select the goals of the innovation and the tasks that the innovation should solve, search for the idea of ​​innovation, its feasibility study, that is, show the economic feasibility and technical feasibility of creating a new product. Finding an innovation idea is a creative process that is closely related to intuition and insight;

2. Development and implementation of innovations. Materialization of an idea represents the transformation of an idea into a new product, into a document of property rights (a license for the right to use know-how, technology) or into a document on a technological operation;

3. Multiple replication. Thanks to advertising and the organization of the process of trade in innovation, the implementation and promotion of innovation is carried out;

4. Rutinization – subsequent improvement. Innovation is spreading in new regions, in new markets and in a new financial and economic situation.

The innovation process is completed if all stages from the origin of innovation to routinization have been completed.

The effectiveness of the innovation process depends on the time aspect of the stages of the innovation process in their strict logical sequence and at the same time in complex.

Innovation activity is the activity of creating, mastering and implementing the results of intellectual work, scientific research, new goods and technologies. Innovation activities ensure: production of competitive products, new level interaction of production factors, satisfaction of social needs. The world is changing or improving, new ideas and knowledge take on real forms and have practical results. Innovation activities include facilitating the implementation of the innovation process.

Sales of a scientific product in material production, subject to the protection of intellectual property rights and the right to the product scientific activity provided by the innovation sector of the economy. The result of the innovation sphere is an innovative product, the cost of which is determined by its novelty.

Let's consider the classification of innovations by characteristics.

Classification of innovations according to the degree of innovative impact on areas of activity:

1. Revolutionary or basic. These are fundamentally new scientific ideas, technologies, types of products or management methods. They conquer new markets and guarantee the company’s survival. The core innovation is based on “disruptive technology”, which attracts buyers with its low cost and ease of use. Often a hitherto unknown company enters the market with a “disruptive technology”. In our time, “disruptive technology” - personal computer, in the 50s - a transistor, etc.

2. Based on a change in generation of technology, the emergence of new technologies based on the original fundamental principle.

3. Modifying, associated with updating models and modifications of products, technologies, forms economic activity, its improvement.

Innovations (2) and (3) classes in life are necessary, since they significantly improve the properties of the product, but do not significantly increase the company’s competitiveness in the market. The basis of these innovations is “supporting technologies”.

Another type of classification according to the type of innovation or the scope of its proposal:

1. Technical and technological. This is the production of new products due to the improvement of technological processes, saving resources, solving problems of improving the quality of products, reducing costs, and expanding the range. They are the basis of technological progress and technical re-equipment of production. They are carried out through equipment modernization, reconstruction and new construction.

2. Organizational and managerial. This is the organization of new departments, services, new forms of hiring, contracts, methods of remuneration, methods of operation of the management apparatus due to the acceleration of the solution of the tasks assigned to the enterprise. They are carried out through the effective connection of labor (workers) with elements of production (subjects of labor).

3. Ecological. Recently, they have acquired paramount importance for society as a whole and each person individually, especially in industrialized countries. These include changes in technology, organization and management of the enterprise, eliminating and preventing negative impacts on the environment.

4. Financial. This is economic innovation, expressed in a positive change in the financial and accounting areas of activity, in planning, pricing, and performance assessment. And also - new forms of control and accounting, new financial transactions, a new financial product.

As a rule, innovations in a modern enterprise are complex in nature; interrelated changes are observed in the range of products, technologies, organization and personnel management, sales, finance, and ecology.

There are imaginary innovations that make changes based on fluctuations in consumer preferences.

The subjects of innovation activity are:

Individuals(citizens of the Russian Federation, foreigners) carrying out innovative activities;

Legal entities(domestic and foreign enterprises, organizations, regardless of organizational and legal forms, engaged in innovative activities);

Owners of intellectual property objects;

Investors;

Intermediaries providing support for innovative activities (marketing, advertising, leasing, personnel, information);

Specialized subjects of innovation activity (incubators, technology parks, technopolises);

State authorities.

TOPIC 2. Formation of the theory of innovation (historical aspect)

The foundations of the theory of innovation were laid by the Russian scientist-economist N.D. Kondratiev. He substantiated the theory of large cycles of conjuncture (economic situation).

Nikolai Dmitrievich Kondratiev was born in 1892 into a peasant family, the first of 10 children. He studied at parochial, church-teacher schools, at an agricultural school, and received a matriculation certificate as an external student. From 1911 to 1915 he studied at the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University, where he remained to work upon graduation. Thesis dedicated to agriculture of his native Kostroma province. From 1917 he worked under the Provisional Government in the Land Committee. He did not immediately accept the October Revolution. From 1919 to 1920 he taught at the Agricultural Academy. K.A. Timiryazev, at the same time was a member of the All-Russian Purchasing Union, dealt with problems of cooperation and food supply. After 1920, he headed the Institute of Market Studies under the Narkomfin, which analyzed the economic situation of the USSR. During this period, he wrote major works that received reviews from leading Western economists (J. Keynes, S. Kuznets, M. Fisher, W. Mitchell). He developed the foundations for the development agriculture and plans for industrialization of the economy. He proposed to give peasants and all producers a financial interest in the results of their labor, to develop light industries, to participate in the world market, and equated wage growth with increased labor productivity. He was criticized for these ideas, for example, Zinoviev called him a “kulak”, “liberal bourgeois”. In 1930 he was arrested, in 1931 he was sentenced to 8 years in prison, in 1938 the case was reviewed, and N.D. Kondratyev was sentenced to death. Currently, he has been posthumously rehabilitated, his works have been recognized worldwide, the magazine “Cycles” is published in America, conferences dedicated to his name are held in Russia, and an entire institute dedicated to the study of cycles has been organized in Austria.

N.D. Kondratiev processed economic indicators using mathematical statistics methods (commodity prices, interest on capital, wages, foreign trade turnover) of the most developed countries of the USA, England, Germany, France for 150 years (since the end of the 18th century). He received two complete and one unfinished cycle of the conjuncture and made an assumption about the cyclical pattern of development of society. In the 20-30s, a crisis erupted in the West, called the Great Depression in America, which allowed the USSR to confidently assert about the decay of capitalism and its imminent end, at this time Kondratiev refutes this thesis, proves the cyclical development of the capitalist (market) economy, that also, in turn, served as the reason for his arrest and execution.

Each cycle was 48-55 years long. The long cycle of economic conditions breaks down into upward and downward parts of the cycle, lasting 25-30 years. His explanation of the alternation of crises, recovery, boom and recession in the economy is associated with the emergence of new inventions and innovations, which entail a change in the passive part of capital (buildings, structures, bridges, canals, railways, workforce qualifications). Moreover, these inventions are revolutionary, they affect the fundamental principles of human existence, and sometimes change the living conditions of society. In an upward wave, there is the necessary availability of savings, a low percentage of loans, low level prices for goods that activate the scientific and technical potential of society. As the economy revives, there is a gradual increase in interest rates on loans, a situation arises of a shortage of loan capital, resulting in a curtailment of economic activity, entrepreneurs are looking for ways to reduce the cost of production, and there is an accumulation of technical inventions, the implementation of which will be possible under the condition of cheap loan capital.

These ideas were developed by the outstanding American scientist Joseph Schumpeter.

J. Schumpeter was born in 1883 into the family of a manufacturer in Austria-Hungary. Received legal education, but got carried away economic theory and began to engage in science while working at the university. In 1912, he taught in Chernivtsi (on the outskirts of the empire), where he was sent for using mathematical techniques in economic analysis, which was not welcomed by the then elite of scientists. Later he was a professor at the University of Graz, his friend and scientific mentor was the famous economist Böhm-Bawerk. After the First World War, the states of Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary no longer existed in their original form. The socialist government of Germany and the head of the economic commission, Kautsky, invited Schumpeter in 1918 to be an adviser on the issue of socialization of industry. Then, after the socialist government came to power in Austria in 1919, J. Schumpeter was its minister of finance, then director of the bank, which went bankrupt in 1924. While a professor in Bonn, he founded the journal Econometrics. The advent of the Nazis and relative recognition forced Schumpeter to emigrate overseas, where he was a professor at Harvard University from 1932. Schumpeter died on January 7, 1950. His works: “The Theory of Economic Development,” written by him at the age of 29 in 1912, “Economic Cycles” (1939), “Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy” (1942), “History economic analysis"(1944).

He completely agreed that development in the world occurs in waves, the cycle is approximately 50 years. J. Schumpeter noted that these waves of development are innovative waves. Each new wave brings a new economic era, which is initially characterized by an increase in economic activity and a sharp increase in investment. Companies specializing in new technologies at the “upward” wave receive super-profits, become leaders in their industry, then at the “downward” stage of the wave the market becomes saturated and mature, the super-profit turns into profit and then decreases, subsequently investments move to new technologies. They proposed new economic concepts: “creative destruction” (competition based on innovation leads to the destruction of existing industries and markets through the research activities of corporations and innovative entrepreneurs who are able to turn new ideas into effective technical solutions); effective monopoly (using innovation and making a profit due to this, and not due to special rights or ownership of any good) and effective competition (not on prices, but on innovations).

Over the past two centuries, the world has seen successive waves of innovation:

1. The first wave of innovation from the 1780s to the 1840s. Associated with new technologies in the textile industry and metallurgy.

2. The second wave of innovation from the 1840s to 1900. Initiated by the development of railway transport, the steel industry and the advent of the steam engine.

3. The third innovation wave from 1900 to the 1940s. Based on use in industrial production and in everyday life electrical energy and internal combustion engine. Radio communications, telegraphs, cars, airplanes are widely used; non-ferrous metals, aluminum, and plastics are used. Large firms, cartels, and trusts have formed in the market. The concentration of banking and financial capital began.

4. The fourth innovation wave from the early 1950s to the late 1980s lasted about forty years. If the duration of the previous wave was 50 years or more due to the coincidence of the period of decline of the outgoing wave with the period of growth of the new one, then this wave, due to the emergence of transnational and international companies that themselves actively developed new technologies and made direct investments, received acceleration. Major achievements in the fields of aerospace, electronics, and the chemical industry. The wave is characterized by mass production of cars and airplanes. The first computers and software products for them appear. The atom is used for peaceful purposes. Conveyor production has been organized.

5. The fifth innovation wave began in 1988. More expected greater reduction its duration compared to the previous one due to the greater acceleration of scientific and technological progress. The wave will last 20-25 years. It is based on achievements in the field of microelectronics, the spread of corporate networks, software development, biotechnology, genetic engineering, telecommunications, multimedia, new types of energy, and space exploration.

6. Currently, the contours of the sixth innovation wave are outlined, which will take hold in the 20-30s of the 21st century. If the fifth innovative wave arose in the depths of industrial society, the basis of which was microelectronics, processes for collecting, processing and transmitting information, then the sixth innovative wave will rely in its development on post-industrial society, whose priority spiritual development human, solving the problem of irretrievably destroyed planetary material and technical resources, smoothing out global material and spiritual inequality of the planet's population.

The support of this wave is initially microelectronics, then nanoelectronics, genetic engineering human, non-traditional energy, second-level informatization (post-Internet), biocomputer compatible with the human mind. Society and the state are being integrated into a global socially interconnected system. We are already observing the globalization of the world today, when, thanks to the concentration of production, monopolization, functioning transnational corporations(TNC) activities cover not only national markets, but regional and global ones.

The concept of a market product has changed; now it is not only material goods, but also computer programs, services, knowledge, ideas.

We have lived through four long cycles, until 2010 we will be in the stage of an upward wave. It is noted that upward phases are rich in wars and revolutions (1789-1812, 1896-1920).

During the long-term Kondratiev cycle, equipment generations change 5-7 times on the main technology base. Meanwhile, periodic crises of 7-11 years correlate with the corresponding phase of the long wave and change their dynamics in accordance with the type of wave, for example, during the upswing period more time is spent on “prosperity”, and during the downturn, crisis years become more frequent.

Since the mid-1970s, the ideas of N.D. Kondratiev and J. Schumpeter have attracted close attention of economists due to the fact that, under the influence of the new economic and ecological crisis a wave of basic innovation began.

Gerhard Mensch established that the mass adoption of technical innovations occurs in the middle of the depression phase, followed by a rise in economic activity after a certain time, and proposed the classification of innovations we use into basic and improving.

A. Kleinknecht processed the statistical data and showed that the basis for the transition to the next “long waves” in economic development There are groups (clusters) of basic innovations that are widely implemented during periods of depression and help overcome the crisis.

The following ideas are important for modern innovation theory:

1. Friedrich von Hayek. He believed that the presence of a market competitive environment predetermines the emergence of innovators and inventors. The market identifies, coordinates and uses the knowledge of independent people; competition plays a decisive role in the emergence of a new discovery.

2. Douglas North. He showed that competition based on innovation is facilitated by a developed system of institutions (branched formal relations and mechanisms that ensure higher market efficiency and lower transaction costs), that is, there is a relationship between the intensification of innovation processes and the presence of a system state institutions supporting innovations that directly and indirectly impact knowledge and technology.

Note that the cyclical development of the economy, in addition to the theory of innovation, is explained by the following theories: monetary theory, according to which cyclicality is determined by the expansion and contraction of bank credit (Hawtrey); psychological theory, which interprets the cycle as a consequence of the will of pessimistic and optimistic moods sweeping the population (Pigou, Bagehot); the theory of underconsumption, which sees the cause of the cycle in too large a share of income going to rich and thrifty people compared to what can be invested (Hobson, Foster, Catchings); the theory of overinvestment, whose proponents believe that the cause of a recession is overinvestment rather than underinvestment (Hayek, Mises); theory of sunspots - weather - crops (Jevons, Moore). The listed theories do not contradict the explanation of cycles in the economy by the theory of innovation; they complement it in their own way.

The essence of the innovation process consists of targeted actions related to the initiation and development of a new product or service, its implementation on the market and its further distribution.

The innovation process represents a sequential set of actions from the idea of ​​innovation to the design, creation, implementation and dissemination of this innovation. We will consider these stages from concept to implementation below. In other words, the innovation process is the activity of an economic entity, that is, a process that consists of developing and implementing the result of scientific research into a new or improved product or service sold on the market, or process, which is used in production activities.

The innovation process includes seven components connected into a single sequential chain, which form its structure. These include:

Marketing Research;

Development and release of innovation;

Implementation of the produced innovation;

Innovative promotion;

Spreading.

The innovation process begins with initiation - an activity that consists of determining its goals and objectives, comprehending the corresponding idea and documenting it. The latter is its transformation into a document of property rights (copyright certificate, license) and into a technological document.

Initiation of innovation is the beginning of the innovation process. After the idea of ​​a new product has been documented, marketing of the innovation is carried out, during which the demand for a new product or service is investigated, the quantity or volume of output is determined, product characteristics and consumer properties that a product entering the market should have. After this, the innovation is sold and a small batch of it appears on the market, which is promoted, evaluated for effectiveness and distributed.

Promoting innovation is a system of measures that is aimed at its implementation. After this, an economic calculation of its effectiveness is carried out. The innovation process ends with the dissemination

Diffusion (translated from Latin - spreading, spreading) means the spread of mastered innovation in new areas, in new markets and in a new economic and financial situation.

Management of innovation processes as a subject of research has gone through 4 main stages in its evolution.

At the first of them, a factor approach was implemented, where evaluation criteria were considered for each component of the corresponding management. At this time, extensive development methods were used, for the most part, manifested in a quantitative increase in scientific and technical potential.

The second stage was characterized by the development of concepts of functions innovation management, who emphasized the study of management types and the process of adoption of SD

At the third stage, they began to use which made it possible to consider the subject of innovation activity (enterprise, organization, etc.) as a system of internally interconnected components, focused on achieving specific goals and the principle of feedback.

The fourth stage correlates with the growing popularity of understanding the goals, meaning and content of innovation management, which allows for the analysis of external and internal environmental factors, systematization and combination in an optimal way various models behavior of an innovation manager or effective management decisions.