The roof design and choice of roofing material are determined at the project stage and depend on the design of the building facade and roofing technology. The choice of the type of roof, materials for its installation, its design, slope depends on climatic conditions, operation, architectural requirements, and the degree of capital of the building.

Roof - the upper enclosing structure of the building, which performs load-bearing, waterproofing and, with no-attic (combined) roofs and warm attics, heat-insulating functions.

Roof - the upper element of the roof (covering), which protects buildings from all types of atmospheric influences.

The roof of a building consists of the following elements: inclined planes called slopes (1), the basis of which are rafters (2) and sheathing (3). Bottom ends rafter legs rest on the Mauerlat (4). The intersection of the slopes forms inclined (12) and horizontal ribs. The horizontal ribs are called the ridge (5). The intersection of slopes, forming incoming corners, creates valleys and grooves (6). The edges of the roof above the walls of the building are called eaves overhangs(7) (located horizontally, protruding beyond the contour of the external walls) or pediment overhangs (11) (positioned obliquely). Water flows down the slopes to the wall gutters (8) and is discharged through water inlet funnels (9) into drainpipes (10) and then into the storm drain.

1) Cornice strip; 2) Sheathing board; 3) Falling counter-lattice beam; 4) Waterproofing film; 5) Rafter leg; 6) Horse; 7) Sheets of metal tiles; 8) Ridge seal; 9) Ridge cap; 10) Wind bar; 11) Drain pipe; 12) Pipe holder; 13) Drainage gutter; 14) Gutter holder; 15) Snow barrier; 16) Upper valley; 17) Lower endova; 18) Wall profile.

Roof classification

Depending on the slope of the roof slopes, there are pitched (more than 10%) and flat (up to 2.5%). In individual housing construction, as a rule, pitched and flat roofs are used. In flat roofs, stagnant water may form on the roof and, as a result, leaks may appear in these places. The advantage of flat roofs is the ability to use them for various purposes. By constructive solution roofs can be attic (separate) or non-attic (combined). Attic roofs can be insulated or cold. In atticless (combined) roofs, load-bearing elements serve as the ceiling of the upper floor of the building. Attic roofs can be ventilated, partially ventilated and unventilated. Depending on operating conditions, roofs can be used or not. The type of roof is mainly determined by its geometric shape and roofing material. Depending on the shape, roofs can be single-slope, gable, three-, four-slope, multi-slope (Fig. 2).

Shed roof (Fig. 2, a) with its plane (slope) rests on load-bearing walls having different heights. This roof is most suitable for the construction of outbuildings.

Gable roof (Fig. 2, b, c) consists of two slope planes resting on load-bearing walls of the same height. The space between the slopes, which has a triangular shape, is called gables or gables. A type of gable roof is the attic.
If the roof consists of four triangular slopes converging at one upper point, then it is called tent (Fig. 2, d).

A roof formed by two trapezoidal slopes and two triangular end slopes is called hip hipped (Fig. 2, e). There are also gable hip ones ( half-hip ), when the pediments are cut off (Fig. 2, f).

Gable roof of an industrial building with a longitudinal lantern (Fig. 2, g) differs from the gable roof of a residential building in the smaller slope of the slopes and greater width and length.

Vaulted roof (Fig. 2, h) in cross section can be outlined by a circular arc or other geometric curve.

Folded roof (Fig. 2, i) is formed from the connection of individual trapezoidal elements - folds.

Domed roof (Fig. 2, j) in outline it is half a ball with continuous support on a cylindrical wall.

Multi-gable roof (Fig. 2, m) is formed from the connection of the slopes of the planes. It is used on houses with a complex polygonal plan shape. Such roofs have a larger number of valleys ( internal corner) and ribs (protruding corners that form the intersections of roof slopes), which requires high qualifications when performing roofing work.

Cross vault represents four closed arched vault(Fig. 2, l).

Spherical shell (Fig. 2, o) in outline it is a vault resting at several points on the base. The space between the supports is usually used to install translucent lanterns.

Spire roof (Fig. 2, n) consists of several steep slope triangles connecting at the apex.

Sloping roof (Fig. 2, p) consists of several flat planes resting on load-bearing walls standing at different levels.

Flat roof (Fig. 2, p) rests on load-bearing walls of the same height. Flat roofs are most widely used in both civil and industrial construction. Unlike pitched roofs, flat roofs do not use piece or sheet materials as roofing materials. Here, materials are needed that allow the construction of a continuous carpet (bitumen, bitumen-polymer and polymer materials, as well as mastics). This carpet must be elastic enough to withstand temperature and mechanical deformations of the roof base. The thermal insulation surface, load-bearing slabs, and screeds are used as the base.

In individual construction, as a rule, the roofs shown in Fig. 2, a, b, c, d, e, f. The intersections of the roof slopes form dihedral angles. If they are facing downwards, they are called gutters, or valleys, if upwards, then ribs. The upper edge, located horizontally, is called the ridge, and the lower part of the slope is called the overhang.

To remove rain and melt water, external drainpipes are installed, through which the water is discharged to a certain place and leaves the site through drainage ditches into street ditches. The magnitude of the slope and the durability of the roof depend on the roofing material, as well as on climatic conditions (table).

Pitched attic roofs must be operated under conditions of good condition of the roof, load-bearing roof structures, normal temperature and humidity conditions in the attic space and timely repair of the coating.

I - attic; II - attic floor; III - supporting structure; IV - roof; 1 - constant loads (own weight); 2 - temporary loads (snow, operational loads); 3 - wind (pressure); 4 - wind (suction); 5 - influence of ambient temperatures; 6 - atmospheric moisture (precipitation, air humidity); 7 - chemically aggressive substances contained in the air; 8 - solar radiation; 9 - moisture contained in the air of the attic space.

Slopes of pitched roofs and their durability

Roof material Slope Service life, year Asbestos cement flat sheets, tiles 1:2 40-50 Corrugated asbestos cement sheets 1:3 40-50 Clay tiles 1:1 - 1:2 60 or more Roofing sheet steel black 1:3,5 20-25 Roofing sheet steel, galvanized 1:3,5 30-40 Rolled materials, two-layer, with mastic 1:7 5-8 Ruberoid on glassine 1:2 3-5 Wooden shingles 1:1,25 5-10

1 - frame crossbar (beams, trusses); 2 - load-bearing element coatings; 3 - vapor barrier; 4 - insulation; 5 - screed; 6 - roof; 7 - protective layer.

a - d - for pitched roofs; d, f - for gable roofs; g - rafter arrangement plan; 1 - rafter leg; 2 - stand; 3 - strut; 4 - rafter beam; 5 - crossbar; 6 - spacer; 7 - upper run; 8 - lying down; 9 - diagonal leg; 10 - short rafter leg.

a - truss spans of 6 m or more; b - the same, 12 m; 1 - crossbar; 2 - sleeper; 3 - strut; 4 - block; 5 - beams; 6 - tightening; 7 - grandmother; 8 - strut.

1 - tightening; 2 - pendant, or headstock; 3 - rafter leg; 4 - suspended attic floor; 5 - strut; 6 - emergency bolt; 7 - nails; 8 - roof covering; 9 - two pads; 10 - bolts; 11 - bolt dowels.

a, b - unventilated; c - ventilated; 1 - protective layer; 2 - rolled carpet; 3 - screed; 4 - thermal insulation; 5 - vapor barrier; 6 - ventilated channel; 7 - supporting structure; 8 - finishing layer.

Roof construction

Attic pitched roofs. A pitched attic roof consists of load-bearing structures and a roof. Between such a roof and the attic floor there is an attic used for placing ventilation ducts (boxes), pipework, etc. With significant slopes, attic spaces are often used for built-in rooms. The height of the attic in the lowest places, for example at the external walls, must be at least 0.4 m to allow periodic inspection of the structures. In the attic in winter through attic floors Heat and moisture penetrate from the rooms on the upper floor. The warmer the attic and the more thermally conductive the roofing material, the more condensation (frost) will form. As the outside temperature rises, condensate melts, causing rotting of wooden structures and corrosion of metal elements. Humidification of the attic can also occur as a result of the penetration of moist air from the staircases, and therefore the density of the vestibule of doors and hatches leading to the attic becomes important. Very important and effective event The only way to prevent moisture in the attic space is to ventilate it. For this purpose, ventilation openings are installed under the eaves (supply openings) and in the ridge (exhaust openings), as well as dormer windows. The load-bearing part consists of rafters, trusses, purlins, panels and other elements. The load-bearing structures of pitched roofs can be made of reinforced concrete, steel, wood in the form of rafters, building trusses and large panels. The choice of roof structure depends on the size of the spans to be covered, the slope of the roof, as well as the requirements for durability, fire resistance and thermal properties (Fig. 3).

The most widespread are layered and hanging rafters.

Layered rafters (Fig. 4) consist of rafter legs, struts and racks. They rest with the lower ends of the rafter legs on the rafter beams - mauerlats, and with the upper ends on a horizontal beam called the upper ridge girder. The role of the mauerlats is to create convenient support for the lower ends of the rafters. The upper girder is supported by posts mounted on internal supports. The distance between the posts supporting the ridge girders is taken to be 3 - 5 m.

To increase the longitudinal rigidity of rafter structures, longitudinal struts are installed at each rack. If the building has two rows of internal supports in the form of longitudinal main walls or pillars, columns and other elements, then two longitudinal purlins are laid. Layered rafters are used in buildings with intermediate supports and spans up to 16 m in size.

Recently, prefabricated wooden layered rafters, pre-fabricated at the factory, have become widespread. A set of such rafters consists of separate structural elements and has an abbreviated name - rafter shield, roof truss. It is possible to construct such a structure of layered rafters made of prefabricated reinforced concrete. Rafter trusses are used to construct roofs for buildings of considerable width that do not have internal supports. The construction truss consists of two rafter legs connected by a tightening, which perceive the horizontal component of the forces transmitted to the support (thrust). For truss spans of 6 m or more, a crossbar is inserted, and for a span of up to 12 m, a headstock and struts are installed, increasing rigidity and reducing the deflection of the rafter legs (Fig. 5).

Rafter trusses for low-rise civil and rural construction are made from beams and boards. Sometimes the elements that absorb tensile forces in the lower chord or racks are made of steel. Such trusses are called metal-wood trusses. For hipped or more complex roof shapes, diagonal slanted rafter legs are introduced, forming triangular-shaped slopes in plan, the so-called hips.

Layered rafters are made of beams, boards and logs (see Fig. 4). The pitch of the rafters is taken depending on the material from which they are made, the type of roof and the cross-section of the sheathing elements. When making rafters from beams 180 - 200 mm thick, they are placed every 1.5 - 2 m, and from plates and boards - every 1 - 1.5 m. In buildings of considerable width, when the length of the rafter legs reaches 8 m, it is necessary to arrange intermediate supports on internal walls. Beams are laid along these walls, racks and struts are installed on them, and then a purlin is installed on which the rafter legs rest.

At the intersection of roof slopes, layered rafters are made from diagonal and short rafter legs (see Fig. 4, g). To protect the roof from being blown away by the wind, part of the rafter legs is tied to crutches driven into the outer walls with twisted wire. All rafter connections are secured with nails, bolts, and staples. Reinforced concrete layer systems consist of reinforced concrete panels supported at the top on a reinforced concrete ridge girder, and at the bottom on the external walls of the building. Ridge run supported by pillars installed every 4 - 6 m. Large reinforced concrete panels are used for single-pitched and gable roofs. Shed roofs are installed on ribbed panels measuring 6.4 x 1.2 m, laid with a slope of 5%, gable roofs - with a slope of 7 - 8%.

Currently, complex multicomponent binders can be used to make reinforced concrete foundations. Before laying the roof, a cement or asphalt screed is laid over the panels. In the absence of intermediate supports in small spans of buildings up to 12 m, hanging rafters are used (Fig. 6). They are made from the same materials as layered rafters, i.e. from beams, boards and logs. Hanging rafters consist of rafter legs and tie rods. The upper ends of the rafter legs are connected with a slotted tenon, and the lower ends are cut into the tie with a frontal notch and secured with bolts.

Roofless roofs. Attic roofs are divided into unventilated, partially ventilated and ventilated with outside air. Unventilated roofs are used in cases where the accumulation of moisture in the coating during operation is excluded. Such coatings can be made with thermal insulation combined with the supporting structure. The main elements of a combined roof are decking, insulation, vapor barrier and roofing (Fig. 7).

The flooring is made of large-sized reinforced concrete slabs of various types. A vapor barrier layer in the form of one or two layers of roofing material or glassine on mastic is provided to protect thermal insulation from moisture by water vapor penetrating from the interior. Slab and bulk materials are used as insulation thermal insulation materials. A leveling layer (screed) of cement mortar is made on top of the thermal insulation. The roof is built along the screed. It is made from rolled roofing materials in several layers. Glue them on cold or hot mastic. To protect the waterproofing carpet from damage, a protective layer is made in the form of fills of sand or fine-grained gravel embedded in the top layer of mastic, or a layer of roofing material.

Unventilated roofs mounted from solid or multi-layer panels. Such panels, manufactured in a factory, are sealed with a sticker on the upper surface of the waterproofing carpet, and on the bottom and along the contour of the panel - by applying a layer of paint vapor barrier. Partially ventilated roofs have pores or channels in the panel material located in the upper thickness of the panel. Ventilated roofs have continuous layers of air that dry the roofing in winter and protect it from overheating by the sun's rays in summer. The height of the air gap is 200 - 240 mm. Combined roof design consists of several layers of materials (see Fig. 7):

• a load-bearing element, for example, a reinforced concrete slab, which is trimmed from below to match the ceiling of the upper floor;
• vapor barrier from one or two layers of roofing felt on mastic;
• insulation - slabs cellular concrete or backfill made of expanded clay, slag and similar highly porous materials;
• roofing made of rolled material, made of roofing felt, roofing felt, etc.;
• a protective layer made of fine gravel or sifted slag embedded in the paint layer of bitumen.

For a non-ventilated roof, a cement screed is installed over the insulation. If the roof is unventilated, the insulation screed is made of cement mortar. The roof fencing consists of posts and struts and has the appearance of a vertical steel lattice. The racks and struts have bends at the bottom - legs, with which they rest on the roof. The fences are fastened with wood grouse, driven into the roof sheathing through holes in the legs of the posts and struts. Parapets are arranged in the form of a solid stone wall with holes at the locations of the drainpipes.

Regulatory requirements for modern roofs are contained in a large number of documents, and some of these documents are already morally outdated, but, nevertheless, have not been canceled. Design should be carried out taking into account the instructions and limitations of current standards:

• SNiP 2.08.01-89, 1995 “Residential buildings”;
• SNiP 2.08.02-89 " Public buildings and structures";
• SNiP 2.09.04-87 “Administrative and domestic buildings”;
• SNiP 31-03-2001 " Industrial buildings» instead of SNiP 2.09.02-85*
• Put into effect on January 1, 2002 by Decree of the State Construction Committee of Russia dated March 19, 2001 N20;
• SNiP II-26-76 “Roofs” (a new edition of this SNiP was developed in 1999, but has not yet been introduced);
• SNiP II-3-79*, 1996 "Construction heating engineering";
• SNiP 3.04.01-87 “Insulating and finishing coatings”;
• SNiP 21-01-97 " Fire safety buildings and structures."

Huge range of roofing materials country house often creates problems for inexperienced developers. They do not fully understand what factors to focus on and what affects the performance of materials. The roof performs not only a protective function, its significance is much broader. Mistakes during selection can create significant problems in the future.

Options rafter system have a significant impact on the choice of roofing, there are several factors that must be taken into account, this is the only way to guarantee high-quality and durable roofing for the house.

Flat roofs

The angle of inclination of the slopes is no more than 12°. Such roofs are used during the construction of large country cottages; they can be used or ordinary.

On the exploited flat roofs there are winter gardens, areas for active recreation or walking.

There are options for arranging car parks on flat roofs. To create exploitable flat roofs, you should buy the most durable and reliable roll coverings or mastic. Currently it is a polyester-based euroroofing material.

This material has the highest strength indicators and a service life of at least fifty years. Modified bitumen is used as waterproofing, which does not lose its plasticity when negative temperatures Oh. On polyester roofs you can install heavy structures, make durable reinforced concrete screeds, etc.

The second material for sealing flat roofs is liquid mastics. There is a wide choice in sales; in terms of their technical characteristics, mastics fully meet existing requirements.

Pitched roofs

The number of slopes is from one to 5–8, it all depends on the complexity of the rafter system and architectural features buildings. On pitched roofs, you can use any type of roofing materials: soft and hard, rolled and piece, profiled and flat, modern and traditional.

Each type has its own characteristics and is selected taking into account operating conditions, the selected design project and the financial capabilities of the consumer. The cost of some types of roofing can be very significant, and most developers cannot afford them.

General characteristics of roofing materials

Regardless of the specific features and technical characteristics, all roofing materials have common evaluation criteria.

1. Maximum total loads. They must withstand snow cover, gusts of wind, and the weight of builders.
2. Operating parameters. These include durability, ease of installation and maintenance, and original design solutions.
3. Price. You should take into account not only the price of the material itself, but also additional elements, special units of the rafter system, requirements for sheathing, and other conditions. In addition, the complexity of the installation has a significant impact; the amount of remuneration for roofers depends on it.

Due to the fact that the roof is constantly exposed to numerous negative factors, it must be resistant to mechanical loads, deformations, severe exposure to ultraviolet rays, and large temperature changes. At the same time, maintain the tightness and presentable appearance of the roof for a long period of time, do not require much time for maintenance, and be repairable and replaceable.

Important factors are the durability and maintainability of the roof

What are the most popular types of roofing for a home?

There is no clear and universal advice on choosing the type of roof; each of them has its own strengths and weaknesses, there are many factors to consider when choosing. Moreover, not all of them are objective, caused by the operating conditions of the building. Many are purely subjective; outside advisers cannot influence the choice; the final decision is made only by the consumer, taking into account his personal preferences.

Metal tiles

Today the most used material for roofing buildings for various purposes. It is made from thin sheet metal and has several layers of corrosion protection. A profile with interchangeable dimensions is formed using special equipment. External covering– especially durable polymer paints of various colors. The warranty is 5–15 years, in practice it is used for up to 30 years. It can have a glossy or matte front surface; glossy ones retain less dust.

Disadvantages - on complex roofs the amount of waste increases to 15%. There is a high probability of purchasing low-quality coatings due to the difficulty of checking quality by consumers. It is impossible to independently determine the thickness and uniformity of the zinc layer; it is also difficult to determine painting parameters. Another problem - fire regulations require lightning rods to be installed on all metal roofs, which complicates roof installation.

Prices for metal tiles

Metal tiles

Bituminous (flexible) tiles

It ranks second in popularity after metal coatings. Made from durable bitumen roofing felt on polymer based. The waterproofing layer is artificial bitumen modified with innovative additives; new manufacturing technologies increase the plasticity of the material even at low temperatures, increase mechanical strength and resistance to sunlight.

The plasticity of the base and bitumen allows you to easily compensate for minor temperature fluctuations in roof elements. The top layer is covered stone chips– the appearance improves, resistance to various damages increases, and service life increases.

The roof slope angle must be at least 12°; the material can be used on roofs of complex geometry. Excellent technological characteristics minimize the amount of unproductive waste (no more than 5%).

Disadvantages - susceptibility to UV rays; over time, mold and moss appear on the surface, which significantly worsens the appearance of the roof. Due to the fact that the installation technology requires continuous sheathing and does not provide for natural ventilation, during the construction of the rafter system it is necessary to use the most expensive waterproof OSB board, which almost doubles the estimated cost of the roof.

Prices for various types and manufacturers of flexible tiles

Composite polymer sand tiles

A rather complex roofing material from a technological point of view, it is made from sand (up to 70%), polymers (up to 25%) and dyes (up to 5%). Resistant to the negative influences of external factors, able to withstand significant mechanical loads. Weight up to 21 kg, service life up to 50 years, warranty up to 15 years.

The material is not afraid of static and dynamic loads. According to these indicators, it significantly exceeds the indicators of natural ceramic tiles. It has low thermal conductivity, which reduces the volume of condensate during temperature fluctuations. The absence of pores increases resistance to freezing/thawing; some types can withstand up to 200 cycles.

Flaws - high cost, difficulty of installation, coating is moderately flammable. The main problem is unscrupulous manufacturers. Such companies use recycled polymer, which is obtained after recycling waste. Recycled plastic is significantly inferior in quality to primary plastic; accordingly, the actual performance characteristics of polymer tiles do not meet the declared ones.

Cement tiles

Piece roofing is made from a cement-sand mixture. Various dyes are added to improve the appearance.

Cement tiles are heavy, which requires special preparation of the rafter system. This is the only roofing material that increases strength over time. Maximum values physical strength cement mortar gaining in a hundred years.

The roof is durable and withstands loads well, including impact loads. Withstands approximately 50 freeze/thaw cycles and is not afraid of sunlight. Made from quartz sand and cement. Mineral dyes are added to change the color.

Disadvantages: installation is difficult; highly qualified roofers are required.

Over time, moss and mold appear on the surface. When purchasing, you should carefully check the uniformity of dimensions; the slightest violation of technology or production on obsolete equipment causes deviations from the geometry. Cement is afraid of acidic environments; therefore, the use of cement tiles for covering houses located in large industrial cities is strictly not recommended.

One of the most expensive and difficult to install roofing coverings. Piece material, only the most experienced roofers are allowed for installation. Made from natural clay by pressing and firing. The technology is complex and expensive, requiring a large amount of special industrial equipment and the proximity of a quarry with clay suitable for analysis. The service life is 70 years, but there are many examples of ancient buildings with preserved roof coverings.

Natural tiles are considered an exclusive material, used on prestigious buildings or during the reconstruction of historical buildings. Can be repaired, replacing faulty software various reasons tiles does not present any great difficulties.

The main disadvantage is the high cost. The price is artificially high; the production of the material does not require such large financial investments. The complexity of installation increases the cost of the rafter system by approximately 10–15%; the roof can only be mounted on slopes with a large angle of inclination.

Another drawback is that even minor violations of the installation technology will certainly make themselves felt during the operation of the building. It is difficult to check the quality immediately after completion of the work; you need to lean on the roof.

Comparative table of characteristics of different types of tiles

Parameter
Average weight kg/m	4–6	8–11	8–9	45–55	45–55
Noisiness	High	Low	Average	Low	Low
Resistance to open fire	Non-flammable	Supports open combustion	Non-flammable	Non-flammable	Non-flammable
Warranty period from the manufacturer	15–20	25–30	45–50	35–40	60–80
Average cost, rub.	850–950	1050–1250	1250–1500	1150–1300	1600–1800
Approximate wages for roofers, rub.	300–400	400–600	300–500	500–650	600–800
Approximate roof estimate, rub.	1150–1350	1400–1850	1550–2100	1650–1950	2200–2600

Profiled sheets are just as popular as metal tiles.

Prices for different types of tiles

Roof tiles

Technical characteristics of profiled sheets

Technical parameters differ slightly from metal tiles, service life is 15–20 years. The cost is slightly lower than metal tiles, which makes it the cheapest modern roofing material, except for bitumen and slate. But bitumen coatings are very rarely used on pitched roofs of houses. The corrugated sheet has different thickness and profile parameters, the color is classified according to international standards.

Corrugated sheeting as a roofing covering

Disadvantages - the appearance does not meet modern requirements. This drawback is temporary; nowadays manufacturers have learned to make very beautiful profiles with simple geometry. Another problem is high sound conductivity, but this only manifests itself in cases where attic spaces are residential. A lot of noise occurs during heavy rain or hail; such precipitation occurs infrequently in most regions of our country; the noise does not cause much inconvenience.

It is made on the basis of cellulose fabric, modified bitumen is used as waterproofing, the color is changed by pigments. It has the appearance of wave slate.

The warranty is 5–10 years depending on the type and manufacturer, but in practice it can last more than 20 years. Resistant to hail impacts, can bend and take the shape of the rafter system. Special coatings inhibit the development of fungi and mold on the surface and do not impair the initial performance characteristics in the temperature range from -40°C to +80°C. Frost resistance of at least 25 cycles, not afraid of chemical compounds. In terms of price, it falls into the category of budget roofing coverings.

Ondulin - budget roofing covering

Disadvantages: the color of the surface changes under the influence of ultraviolet rays, the edges curl up a little. Ondulin burns and requires unconditional compliance with all fire safety rules. In terms of overall quality indicators, it ranks last among all roofing materials.

Prices for various types of ondulin

Galvanized steel sheet

Currently, it is rarely used and only in seam roofs. Installed on a continuous sheathing, due to its flexibility it can copy the shape of the roof. It is rarely used on houses; it is recommended for various sheds and outbuildings.

Disadvantages - the design does not meet the needs of modern developers; continuous sheathing is required for the covering. Low bending strength values ​​exclude the possibility of arrangement natural ventilation under-roof space. To increase service life, everything wooden elements The rafter system must be impregnated several times with antiseptics, and if possible, use moisture-resistant boards.

Prices for galvanized steel sheets

Galvanized steel sheet

Keramoplast

It is made from a special modified polymer with increased parameters of physical strength and resistance to UV rays. To reduce the cost, natural fillers are introduced into the composition; the color depends on coloring additives. A relatively new roofing material, appearance resembles wavy slate. Has a varied color scheme, service life 30 years.

Does not absorb moisture, therefore, is not afraid of freezing/thawing. Plasticity allows you to absorb shock loads; the roof can be used in various climatic zones, except Far North. Easy to cut, no need to use during installation special devices and tools. The installation technology is similar to laying ordinary slate.

Disadvantages - the high cost does not correspond to the same high operational characteristics. Under the influence of ultraviolet radiation, plastic gradually loses its original properties, becomes brittle and cracks under minor loads. There is no point in repairing the roof; physical aging occurs over the entire roof area. The only way out is to completely replace the roof, which is expensive and time-consuming.

Asbestos cement wave slate

Traditional roofing material made from cement and asbestos fillers. It can have a different number of waves; currently it is used only on non-prestigious buildings. In our country, slate is made from safe asbestos, which is not included in the list of carcinogens. Sheets may have natural color or painted in different shades Despite the wide variety of modern roofing materials, traditional slate still occupies a high position in sales today. The guaranteed service life is at least 30 years; in practice, it is used for more than fifty years.

There are several disadvantages - heavy weight and low mechanical strength. The large weight complicates the installation process and requires special measures to strengthen the rafter system. Slate easily cracks with minor changes in the linearity of the roof, and the covering must be repaired. If there is heavy hail in the region, the roof will have to be completely replaced.

Slate roofing - photo

Prices for different types of slate

Slate

Natural roofing natural stone, serves as a decoration for any prestigious building. It is characterized by excellent service life and is resistant to chemical compounds, including aggressive ones. Unaffected by urban smog.

Disadvantages - heavy weight, high cost, low physical strength characteristics. Exclusive coating, very rare. It is recommended to make to order, taking into account the architectural features of the roof. This approach reduces the amount of unproductive waste and has a positive effect on the cost of roofing work.

Aluminum roofing

It is used as sheet roofing or material for the manufacture of piece tiles. The service life is practically unlimited. Coatings are easy to accept necessary forms, does not require additional processing of the front surface. It can only be laid on solid sheathing. Aluminum can be used to make various profiles; there are options for covering the roof with even sheets.

Copper roofing

Very beautiful, very expensive and very durable material. Over time, it becomes covered with patina - a protective anti-corrosion film. The service life is at least 100 years, it is not afraid of negative temperatures and heating.

The main disadvantage is the high cost. Can be made from 100% copper or alloys with tin and aluminum. Elite material, used only on the most expensive houses, historical or religious buildings.

Disadvantages - it is necessary to completely exclude contact with iron; with such contact, corrosion processes are accelerated by several orders of magnitude. Another drawback is that the color of the patina changes over time, and areas with different shades may appear. Not all users like this.

Thatched roof

The traditional roofing of the last century for poor country houses is now coming back into fashion among the most modern developers. Used by lovers of natural, eco-friendly houses, the roof gives the building a unique look. Highly qualified roofers are involved in the work; if all rules are followed, the coating can last up to fifty years. The roof does not require additional thermal insulation and perfectly dampens noise. Due to special installation technology, fire safety characteristics are significantly improved.

Video - Characteristics of different types of roofing

Roofs for private houses come in a variety of types. But in order for this design to fully comply with all the necessary requirements during operation, you need to approach the issue of choice wisely.

Functions and role of the roof

The primary task of the roof is to protect the house from rain, snow, cold and heat. But in order for your home to always be cozy and comfortable, you need to consider the following aspects:

• the roof must be designed correctly;
• correctly choose the design and material for the roof, taking into account the architectural features of the house and the climate of the area in which it is being built;
• carry out high-quality installation.

You should not discount such a parameter as attractiveness. After all, a roof can not only significantly improve the appearance of a building and give it originality, but also emphasize the status of the owner of the house.

Regarding the latter, the main thing is not to overdo it: the option you like may not always be suitable for a particular building, because a lot depends on the design features of the house and the material from which it is built. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to study the existing types of roofs, their pros and cons, as well as the features of construction and operation.

When choosing a roof shape for a house, you need to focus on the climatic features of the area

Roofs of houses: principles of classification

Today, such a variety of roof shapes is offered that the average person is literally at a loss when choosing. Nevertheless, builders have a clear classification depending on certain criteria:

• classification by slope;
• classification by design solution.

In addition, roofs are divided into non-attic and attic, exploited and non-operational, and are also classified according to the type of roofing material (tiles, corrugated sheets, slate). The correct selection of all parameters will influence how well the original option is suitable for the home.

Video: roof types

• flat roofs;
• pitched roofs.

The first are simply flat roofs, which can be used, that is, equipped, for example, with a recreation area, or unused. Pitched structures are divided into subcategories according to the type of configuration.

The classification of roofs by slope is considered basic and divides structures into two types: flat and pitched.

The simplest solution in every sense, but at the same time not particularly popular. The angle of inclination of such a roof is no more than 3%, and therefore one of the main disadvantages is the accumulation of snow and water on its surface. This is fraught with leaks, and also forces the owner to manually clean the roof.

The main advantages of a flat roof: simple installation of the roofing pie and low cost compared to pitched structures

To ensure natural water drainage for such a structure, builders recommend pouring a layer of expanded clay onto the surface at a slight angle.

The main advantages of a flat roof are the ease of installation of the roofing pie and the relative cheapness compared to pitched structures. The load-bearing base is most often reinforced concrete slabs. Sometimes, for this purpose, metal profiled sheets are used, on which layers of the roofing cake are laid alternately, and then the selected coating.

The load-bearing base of a flat roof is reinforced concrete slabs or metal profiled sheets

It is for these reasons that flat roofs in the private segment are usually used in the construction of garages and outbuildings. However, recently they have begun to be used a little more often due to the fashion to create terraces, sports fields, lawns, and sometimes real gardens with an equipped recreation area on the roof of a house.

Photo gallery: how to arrange a flat roof

On a flat roof, if desired, you can create a lawn
The flat roof of a private house can become great place for arranging a relaxation area with a fireplace
The flat roof of a private house allows you to realize the most daring design projects
You can arrange a small green garden on a flat roof

Video: advantages and disadvantages of a flat roof

Pitched roof

The roof got its name due to the fact that its surface consists of slopes that are located at a certain angle of inclination. The latter is expressed as a percentage, and it is thanks to this that all atmospheric precipitation is removed from the roof surface. Based on the design features of pitched roofs, the following varieties are distinguished:

• pitched roofs;
• gable structures;
• hip roofs;
• half-hip;
• mansard roofs;
• multi-pincer;
• tent structures;
• domed roofs;
• vaulted roofs;
• spire-shaped;
• combined designs.

Pitched roofs: description, construction features, pros and cons

It is pitched roofs that are most often used in private construction due to their wide variety and reliable design. To choose the right option, you need to carefully study all their varieties.

Shed roof

This is the name for a roof that consists of one plane. The slope (from 4 to 6°) is formed due to the fact that the rafters of the structure rest on external walls located at different heights. The most simple design in all respects, and also does not require large financial outlays.

A small garden house equipped with a pitched roof looks compact and attractive

However, due to its simplicity, which is considered its main disadvantage, it is not popular and is usually used in the construction of small country houses and outbuildings.

A pitched roof has more than enough advantages:

• low cost of construction;
• ease of installation;
• possibility of roof conversion;
• use of almost any material for roofing installation.

Due to their ease of installation, pitched roofs are often used in the construction of small country houses, garages and outbuildings

You can create an unusual design for a residential building by placing several pitched roofs in different parts of the building at different levels.

By placing several pitched roofs at different levels, you can create an unusual residential building design

The type of roof chosen is of great importance. Only not from a functional, but an aesthetic point of view. For example, a house under a pitched roof made of galvanized sheets will look more like a barn, while the same structure covered with tiles will take on a very impressive look.

Gable roofs

This is the most common option when building private houses. The roof consists of two slopes resting on external walls of the same height.

Due to the triangular pediment between the slopes, reminiscent of gables, a gable roof is often called a gable roof.

Due to the peculiarities of the configuration - a triangular pediment between the slopes, reminiscent of gables in shape - a gable roof is often called a gable roof. A very reliable design that can withstand heavy rains and snowfalls, withstand gusts of wind and protect from the cold. And it looks much more interesting than a single-slope one.

The advantages include:

• simple installation of the structure;
• durability;
• the presence of an attic from which you can easily make a living space;
• the ability to use almost any roofing material;
• maintainability.

There are almost no downsides as such, except that it is not recommended to make such a roof in places where stormy winds are raging - due to poor streamlining, it can simply be torn off.

The slope angle of a gable roof is selected based on the amount of precipitation falling in the region. The more there are, the stronger the slope should be.

As for the construction features, the main thing is to carefully follow the technology, since creating such a roof requires a large number of elements, in addition to the basic rafters and mauerlat: crossbars, stops, racks, etc. All components (including vapor and waterproofing, insulation and type of roofing) must be taken into account when creating the drawing.

When creating a drawing of a gable roof, you need to take into account all structural elements, including insulation, hydro- and vapor barrier

Asymmetrical roof

One of the options for a gable design, when the slopes either differ in length or are located at different angles of inclination. The visible advantages definitely include the unusual design, thanks to which you can stand out from other buildings.

As for performance, such a roof will allow you to maximally adapt to the weather conditions of the area, especially if they are constant. The roof can be positioned so that on the side from which the winds most often blow there is a gentler slope, and on the leeward side there is a steeper slope, which will reduce snow loads.

An asymmetrical roof can be positioned so that there is a gentler slope on the windy side, and a steeper one on the leeward side, which will reduce snow loads

Thanks to the asymmetrical structure of the roof, you can use the attic much more functionally, especially if you plan to equip it for living quarters. Moreover, it can be used to cover a veranda or a garage attached to the house, which will allow you to save significantly financially.

The disadvantages include the complexity of calculations and the installation of the structure itself. It is necessary to correctly calculate the number and pitch of rafters, and choose the right material for the frame and roof at the stage of creating the project. In this regard, it is best not to do all the work yourself, but to turn to professionals.

Attic structures

The main difference between this design is the presence of broken slopes. The upper slopes are created flat, the lower ones - falling. Thanks to this technique, you can significantly increase the area of ​​the attic space, which will be called an attic.

The attic roof will significantly increase the living space of the house due to the large attic space (attic)

As a rule, architects do not ignore the opportunity to make maximum use of usable area, therefore, attics are most often equipped for living quarters. There are usually no difficulties with the construction of such a roof, but the problem of insulation should be given as much attention as possible.

If you have a small attic, you don’t have to hem the ceiling. This will visually expand the room.

Hip roofs

This design has four slopes. Two of them - the front ones - are triangular in shape (they are called hips), and the remaining two are made in the shape of a trapezoid. Features of the construction of hip roofs include the need to install beams with double tightening and install gutters on each slope at a mandatory angle of 45°.

The hips are the front slopes of the roof in the shape of a triangle, the other two slopes have the shape of a trapezoid.

The advantages include:

• reliability of the design;
• original appearance and respectability;
• the ability to use almost any roofing material for covering.

The disadvantages include:

• complexity of calculations and installation of the structure;
• a large amount of waste when laying roofing, the complexity of the process;
• significant reduction in the size of the attic space.

The hip roof looks respectable, but requires complex calculations and installation

Video: which roof to choose - hip or gable

Half hip roofs

The difference between this design and the previous one is that the hips here are noticeably shortened and have a truncated appearance. In essence, this is the same double-leaf roof, the gables of which are covered with a hip, and the slopes take the shape of a trapezoid.

Due to the absence of sharp corners, half-hip roofs are suitable for windy regions

The design is quite complex to implement, requiring both professional skills and a large consumption of materials, which is one of its undoubted disadvantages. The positive aspects are the same as for hip roofs. Plus, this design, due to the presence of fronts, allows you to equip the attic space with windows.

Due to the complexity of construction, half-hip roofs are recommended to be preferred in windy regions. This is due to their special stability due to the absence of sharp corners.

Tent structures

What it is can be understood from the name. This roof is shaped like a tent, and its peculiarity is that all the slopes are symmetrical, have the shape of a triangle and converge at one point.

A hip roof can only be erected on buildings with a regular square or polygonal shape

It is possible to erect such a roof if there is one main condition - the box itself must have a regular square or polygonal shape. Sometimes the base can be rectangular. The main thing is that each of the roof slopes has the form of an equilateral triangle, and their vertices are connected at one center without a long ridge.

The design requires professional execution, as it has a very sophisticated rafter system. When choosing roofing for a hip roof, it is recommended to avoid sheet materials because the amount of waste will be enormous.

The only advantage worth highlighting is the chic appearance.

Multi-gable roof, or valley

It is used in cases where the project involves a polygonal complex shape of a house with all kinds of extensions. An amazingly beautiful, but at the same time the most complex design to implement.

The peculiarities of its construction are due to the presence of many joints, internal and external corners, and kinks. All junctions of these elements are potentially dangerous in terms of the likelihood of leaks, so it is recommended to trust the installation of such a roof only to trusted specialists.

Multi-gable structures are the most difficult to implement due to the many joints, kinks, internal and external corners

The advantages of a multi-gable roof include:

• multifunctionality;
• strength (subject to compliance with the technology during the construction process);
• the possibility of arranging attic and utility rooms;
• unusually attractive and rich appearance.

• complex and labor-intensive construction process;
• a large amount of roofing waste.

Dome structures

Not used very often yet, but very interesting design, made in oriental style. Construction features include the need to use curved elements to create a frame and flexible or soft roofing material.

For a dome roof, curved frame elements and flexible roofing material are used

Such a roof is erected, as a rule, over round buildings, and since houses rarely have this shape, it is used mainly over individual elements of the building (such as turrets, round terraces or a winter garden).

A very beautiful and durable design that does not withstand any vagaries of the weather. But it is extremely complex and expensive to implement.

Vaulted roof

Another name is arched. It is mounted on arched rafters and requires a flexible roof covering. This is not to say that the design is not used in the construction of private houses, but still it is not particularly popular.

The vaulted roof is mounted on arched rafters and can give the house an exclusive look

Most often, public and warehouse premises are equipped with it. As for private construction, the structure is used only to cover individual elements of the building or when constructing houses in the Art Nouveau style.

The vaulted roof has no significant disadvantages; it is simply completely impractical for use in private construction. However, it can become a real decoration of any home if it is properly designed.

Spire-shaped structures

Due to the very sharp slopes during installation, an acute angle is created, resulting in the formation of a spire. An undeniably beautiful design in the Gothic style, but absolutely impractical, and therefore is almost never used in the construction of private houses. It is relevant only as a decorative element, decorating all kinds of turrets on a house or a domed roof.

Spire-shaped roofs can be a wonderful decorative element of a home.

Combined roofs

The design of such coverings includes several types of roofs. That is, due to a combination, for example, multi-gable, dome and hip (three in one, and sometimes more) a completely new roof shape is created.

By combining options, architects can create unusually shaped roof structures

A building equipped in this way is very attractive and has its own zest, however, it is worth remembering that the work to create such a structure will require not only professionalism, but also very impressive funds.

Other types of roofs

Architects work tirelessly in their offices to wow their clients. unusual solutions. For this reason, it makes no sense to present all their delights, since they are practically not used in private construction. More or less acceptable options include the following:

• a retractable roof, which can be removable, sliding, partially retractable or completely movable. Used in the construction of verandas, swimming pools, garages attached to the house;
• Chinese roof - a structure with raised corners, made of wood. Used in the construction of houses or gazebos in Asian style.

Chinese architectural forms are successfully used in private construction

• The more sophisticated the roof, the more expensive it is. This should be kept in mind if the construction budget is limited. Most best option in this case - single-slope (for a small house) or gable;
• if you plan to make the roof yourself, but don’t have much experience, it’s also better not to attempt complex structures;
• When choosing the type of roof, it is necessary to take into account the strength of the foundation and walls. After all, the more complex the design, the heavier the rafter system it will require, which will entail additional load on the house;
• It is also recommended to take into account what is planned to be done on the second floor: will there be just an attic space there or will it be residential. In the latter case, perhaps the most acceptable option would be a mansard roof;
• The climate in the region also matters. Where the amount of precipitation, especially in winter, is very significant, the best option would be a roof with a large angle of inclination (45–50°). If strong winds are raging in the area, then the angle of the slope should be no more than 10–20°.

Choosing a roof depending on the type of building

In addition to general factors, the choice of roof is also influenced by individual factors: what kind of building it is, what size it is, what it will be built from and for what purpose it is intended.

Frame house

The main feature of a frame house is its lightness. Therefore, it is not recommended to overload it with complex and heavy structures.

If you still want to make the roof unusual, then you should be prepared for the fact that you will have to attach (anchor) the house to the foundation. The most acceptable options for a frame house are considered to be such types of roofs as gable and hipped. A hip design can also be considered as an option.

One-story house

As a rule, one-story buildings are based on a lightweight foundation. Therefore, the roofs for them should not be heavy either.

For a small house, a good option would be a lean-to structure, which will give the structure originality and at the same time do not require special costs for construction. In general, for one-story buildings, a gable roof is most often chosen. This is the most common option.

For one-story houses most often they choose a gable roof, this is the most common option

Two-story house

In this case there are no special restrictions. The main thing is that the roof fits harmoniously into the overall design of the building and is chosen taking into account the climatic characteristics of the region. Otherwise, it all depends on taste, desire and budget.

Restrictions on the choice of roof for two-story house practically none, it all depends on the budget and preferences of the owner

There are zero restrictions. You can choose any roof according to your wishes.

For a house made of timber, you can choose any roof option

Roof for garage and outbuildings

Naturally, no one will build a domed or multi-gable roof over a garage or outbuilding. In this case, it is worth proceeding from cost and functionality.

The garage and utility block can be combined under one double-leaf roof

The most budget option there will be a regular flat roof. In second place you can put a lean-to structure. The third option is gable. Such a roof will cost more, but the bonus will be an attic space that can be used for economic purposes.

Video: variety of roofs of private houses

Today, the roofs of private houses are striking in their diversity. Options are available to suit the most sophisticated tastes and for any climatic conditions. The main thing is to approach the choice responsibly. And then the roof will serve for a long time and reliably protect the house.

The roof of a house is one of the key elements of its reliability, strength, thermoregulation and presentable appearance. There are various types of roofs of private houses, which differ in configuration, type of roofing materials used, and complexity of construction. The roof is an important supporting structure of the house, designed to protect it from precipitation and external influences, so it must be strong, stable and durable. And aesthetic qualities play an important role, because a well-chosen configuration and design of the roof will set the tone for the entire building, becoming its calling card.

Shapes and types of roofs of private houses

At the design stage you should select correct design roofs, based on the shape of the house and its purpose. Roofs are divided into types, which differ in the number of hips and slopes. The main types of roofs that exist in modern construction:

Single-pitch– simplicity of design and comparative low cost of implementation makes this type of roof popular. Used for outbuildings, warehouses and garages. Rarely - for a private home.

Gable– a classic version of the roof, which consists of two parts. Makes it possible to equip an attic.

Flat- mainly used in climatic zone where little precipitation is expected. Otherwise, water will accumulate on the roof surface and leak into the house.

Hip roof– it is also called hipped. It features a complex design and high performance characteristics.

Half-hip, the Danish roof can be gable (mansard) or hipped.

Tent- a type of hip roof for private houses, the design resembles a tent. It is characterized by ease of installation and high functionality.

Multi-forceps– consists of gables, many valleys, pediments and blocks. Provides a natural flow of rain and melt water.

Dome or cone the roof is used mainly on round and polygonal buildings.

Roofs of complex combination– installed in private houses on two floors, with extensions and utility rooms. Installation of such a roof can only be done by experienced specialists.

Choosing a flat-shaped roof is very rare, because it accumulates snow too quickly, retains water flow, and is easily deformed if the load during installation was incorrectly calculated. This roofing option is preferred in hot climates where precipitation is rare. It is also used to cover multi-storey buildings and industrial buildings.

Flat roofs are popular in high-tech houses

The advantages of a flat roof include:

Its area is smaller compared to a pitched roof, so less roofing material is used for it.

Installation and maintenance work on a flat roof can be carried out without problems.

A flat roof allows you to get additional usable space, which can be used as a terrace, a place for sports, a winter garden, or a gazebo with a fireplace.

Installation of such a structure is quick, just like repair ones.

In mild climates, you can design a flat roof as a garden

Shed roofs

A shed roof has a flat surface that slopes to one side. Very often it is arranged on walls of different heights. When installing this, it is very important to choose the right amount of inclination so that part of the building is positioned towards the winds.

The simplest option for a pitched roof

Pros of a pitched roof:

Low cost compared to attic or dome;

Possibility of subsequent completion of floors without major dismantling;

Easy installation of chimneys and stacks;

Wide selection of roofing materials;

High space utilization ratio;

Possibility to install a balcony and huge windows from ceiling to floor.

Also very popular for modern style homes

There are no particular disadvantages to a pitched roof, except for

Not a very presentable appearance.

However, if you design the structure correctly and combine several slopes at different levels, then you will get a quite attractive roof. It is also important correct selection material - if you choose, for example, metal tiles, then you will get a beautiful slope geometry, but a profiled sheet will turn the house into a barn.

Gable roofs

The gable roof structure is most often used for a private house in our climate zone. The angled design prevents water and snow from accumulating. The angle of the pitched roof is determined based on the level of precipitation in the current region - the more precipitation, the greater the angle of the pitched roof.

Pros of a gable roof:

Practicality and the ability to equip an attic;

There is no need to clear snow and water manually;

Easy installation;

Wide design possibilities;

Most roofing materials are oriented towards a gable roof;

Good maintainability;

Low cost and quick construction.

The disadvantages of a gable roof in a private house include:

A large number of roofing materials that will be needed for its construction.

If you plan to build an attic, then you need to take care of increasing the number of windows, which will complicate the design of the gable roof.

Hip roof

The hip roof consists of four planes, which are located at an angle. This roofing is considered one of the varieties of a hipped roof.

Advantages of a hip roof:

Not subject to deformation in places of eaves canopies;

Original appearance;

Can withstand strong winds;

Possibility to equip an attic or attic;

It protects the façade well from precipitation, thanks to the installation of additional overhangs.

Photo of a house with a hip roof

Disadvantage hip roof counts:

The complexity of its installation, the complexity of laying roofing materials;

Due to the slopes, the area of ​​the attic space is reduced.

Half hip roof

Half-hip roofs are also called Dutch roofs. In our country, such designs are not used as often as in Europe.

3D sketch of a half-hip roof

Advantages of half-hip roofs:

Resistance to wind and even hurricanes due to its streamlined shape;

Reliably protects the walls and gables of the house from snow and rain;

Possibility to equip a living space or attic space under the roof;

Original and unusual design.

The disadvantages of a roof of this shape include:

The difficulty of its installation, a large number of ribs and valleys;

A large amount of necessary lumber;

Complex roofing - builders have to install many stops and struts.

Hip roofs

A tent-shaped roof is one of the varieties of pitched roof types. Consists of four equal triangular slopes.

Photo of a house with a hip roof

This roofing option wins over gable roof, thanks to more high level functionality and decorative appeal. The weight of a hipped roof is less than that of a gable or attic roof, so the load on buildings becomes less. The structure of a hip roof is strong due to the ribs that provide support. The disadvantages of this type of roof include the complexity and high cost of installation.

Multi-pincer

Multi-gable roofs for private houses are a rather complex structure, as they consist of many slopes, ribs, gables, and valleys. Installation of such a roof is carried out only by specialists with great experience in this area.

Multi-pincer option

Advantages of a multi-gable roof:

Attractive appearance;

Durability and structural strength;

Practicality;

Possibility to arrange additional premises under the roof.