Geography lesson notes
« Optical phenomena in the atmosphere"
6th grade, Federal State Educational Standards
Prepared
geography teacher
MOBU Molchanovskaya Secondary School
Gorkavaya Galina Sergeevna
Lesson summary on the topic: “Optical phenomena in the atmosphere”
| Full name | Gorkavaya Galina Sergeevna |
|
| Place of work | MOBU Molchanovskaya Secondary School |
|
| Job title | geography teacher |
|
| Item | geography |
|
| Class | ||
| Topic and lesson number in the topic | Optical phenomena in the atmosphere. (in section VI “Atmosphere - air shell of the Earth » |
|
| Basic tutorial | Geography Planet earth. Grades 5-6. Textbook (A. A. Lobzhanidze) |
Purpose of the lesson : To form an idea of the mutual influence of the atmosphere and humans, natural atmospheric phenomena;
9. Tasks:
- educational : Gain knowledge about optical phenomena in the atmosphere
- developing : development of students’ cognitive interests, ability to work in a group with a textbook, additional literature and electronic educational resources.,
- educational : creating a culture of communication when working in a group
Planned results:
Personal : awareness of the values of geographical knowledge as an essential component of the scientific picture of the world.
Metasubject : the ability to organize one’s activities, determine its goals and objectives, the ability to conduct independent search, analysis, selection of information, the ability to interact with people and work in a team. Make judgments, confirming them with facts. mastery of basic practical skills in working with a textbook for research,
Subject : Distinguish atmospheric phenomena related to reflection sunlight, electricity, dangerous phenomena associated with precipitation and winds. Name the types of air pollution resulting from economic activity person
Universal learning activities:
Personal: realize the need to study the world around us.
Regulatory: plan your activities under the guidance of a teacher, evaluate the work of classmates, work in accordance with the assigned task, compare the results obtained with the expected ones.
Cognitive: extract information about optical phenomena in the atmosphere, dangerous natural phenomena in the atmosphere, the role of the Earth’s air envelope in human life and economic activity, obtain new knowledge from ESM sources, and process information to obtain the required result.
Communicative: ability to communicate and interact with each other.
Lesson type: combined
Student work form: collective, work in pairs
Technical equipment : multimedia installation, interactive whiteboard, Internet, EOR, personal computer.
Progress of the lesson.
Teacher: Hello guys! You came here to study, not to be lazy, but to work. I wish everyone good mood! Sit down.
Let's remember what section we are studying? Guess the riddle!
Do you have a blanket, children?
So that the whole Earth is covered?
So that there is enough for everyone,
But it wasn’t visible?
Do not fold, do not unfold,
Don't touch it, don't look?
It would let in rain and light,
Yes, but it seems not?
-What kind of blanket is this? children answer(atmosphere)
Teacher: Correct.
Is the atmosphere not homogeneous, does it have several layers? (Troposphere, stratosphere and upper atmosphere)
What does the Earth's atmosphere consist of? (A mixture of gases, tiny drops of water and ice crystals, dust, soot, organic matter.)
Name gas composition atmosphere? (nitrogen – 78%; oxygen 21%; Argon – 0.9% and other gases 0.1%)
Now, with a little knowledge, you can explain most of the phenomena occurring in the atmosphere. But in ancient times, people did not have the opportunity to do this, so atmospheric phenomena frightened superstitious people; they were considered harbingers of disasters and misfortunes.
| What is this mysterious vessel on my table? Don't you know? Let's see? |
| Music. (Opens the vessel, smoke pours out of it, old man Hottabych appears.) |
| Hottabych: Apchhi! Greetings, O my wise lord! (Dnext to Hottabych's words, played by one of the students are highlighted in underlined font.) – We are very happy about this, dear Hottabych. Hottabych: Thank you! I agree with great pleasure! (sits down at the desk) Today we will get acquainted with some optical phenomena and fill out the table that lies in front of you. Well, our dear Hottabych will tell us how the ancients imagined this or that phenomenon. |
| So let's begin! |
Studying a new topic.
Open your workbooks, write down the number and Leave some space to record a topic; Below, while watching the videos that I will show you, please write down the names of those atmospheric phenomena that used to frighten people so much, exactly in the order in which you will watch them (as a rule, students easily identify rainbows, aurora, lightning, but have difficulty identifying halo and mirage
1.Rainbow –
2. Mirage
3. Halo –
4. Aurora -
5. Lightning –
6. St. Elmo's Fire
Let's compare what you got? Slides 1- 7
7 slide- All these phenomena are called optical phenomena in the atmosphere.
8 slideWrite the name of the topic in your notebook.
Slide 9 (goals and objectives) Speak the goal!
Slide 10
Working from textbooks. Your task is to write down the causes of optical phenomena on the card!
Working with the textbook p. 118 (phenomena associated with the reflection of sunlight: rainbow, mirage, halo)
Working with the textbook p. 119 (phenomena related to electricity: aurora, lightning, St. Elmo's Fire)
Time - min.
Teacher: So, are you ready? Our dear Hottabych will tell us how the ancients imagined this or that phenomenon. And a speaker from each group will talk about the causes of the phenomena! (Go to the board)
The first phenomenon you identified is rainbow. The first word is given to you Hottabych!
Hottabych:It was believed that the God of ancient Babylon created the rainbow as a sign that he decided to stop the global flood.
Teacher: Let's find out the cause of the rainbow!
Speaker: Sunlight appears white to us, but it is actually made up of light waves of 7 colors: red, orange, green, blue, indigo and violet. Passing through drops of water, the sun's ray is refracted and breaks up into different colors. This is why you can see a rainbow after rain or near waterfalls.
– Many desert travelers witness another atmospheric phenomenon – Mirage.
Hottabych:The ancient Egyptians believed that a mirage was the ghost of a country that no longer exists.
- Why do mirages occur?
Speaker:This happens when hot air above the surface rises. Its density begins to increase. Air at different temperatures has different densities, and a ray of light, moving from layer to layer, will bend, visually bringing the object closer. M. appear above a hot surface (desert, asphalt), or, conversely, above a cooled surface (water)
In frosty weather, pronounced rings appear around the Sun and Moon - Halo.
Hottabych:They used to think that a witches' Sabbath took place at this time.
Speaker: They occur when light is reflected in the ice crystals of cirrostratus clouds. The crowns are several rings suddenly inserted into each other.
- Thank you. (speaker leaves, Hottabych remains)
Now who wants to talk about phenomena related to electricity? I invite a speaker from the next group).
(Speaker exits)
- Residents of the polar regions can admire the Aurora Borealis.
Hottabych:Indians North America They believed that these were the fires of sorcerers, on which they boiled their captives in cauldrons.
Speaker: The Sun sends a stream of electrically charged particles to Earth, which collide with air particles and begin to glow.
- Lightning -“A fiery arrow is flying, no one will catch it - neither the king, nor the queen, nor the beautiful maiden.
Hottabych:It was believed thatIt is God Perun who strikes the snake with his stone weapon.
Speaker:Visible electrical discharge between clouds, or between a cloud and the ground. Lightning - thunder.
What types of lightning are there (linear and ball), why are they dangerous?
- And the latest phenomenon is "St. Elmo's Fire."
Hottabych:"St. Elmo's Fire"the sailors considered it a bad sign.
Where can this phenomenon be observed?
Speaker: This luminescence can be observed in stormy weather on high tower spiers, as well as around ship masts.
- Thank you Hottabych, thanks to you the guys learned about the views of the ancients on optical phenomena.
Hottabych:And thank you for inviting me to participate in your lesson!
PHYSMINUTE.
Reinforcing the material covered:
Work in pairs! Solve the crossword
Students solve a crossword puzzle. Who got what?
Lesson summary: (reflection )
What new did you learn in class today? Have you ever observed any phenomenon?
Guys, pay attention to the board. The sun is completely without rays! Each person has 3 rays on their desk, evaluate your work (choose one for yourself) and attach it to the sun.
Well done! Today you did a good job, this topic is very complex, and you will study it more deeply in the physics course.
Guys, tell me, what rating would you give our guest Hottabych? (Five!!!) I completely agree with you! Other students grades.
Slide 11 Now write down your homework. Repeat paragraph 46 and answer the questions.
Thanks everyone for the lesson!
A person constantly encounters light phenomena. Everything that is associated with the emergence of light, its propagation and interaction with matter is called light phenomena. Vivid examples optical phenomena can be: a rainbow after rain, lightning during a thunderstorm, the twinkling of stars in the night sky, the play of light in a stream of water, the variability of the ocean and sky, and many others.
Schoolchildren receive a scientific explanation of physical phenomena and optical examples in 7th grade, when they start studying physics. For many, optics will become the most fascinating and mysterious section in the school physics curriculum.
What does a person see?
Human eyes are designed in such a way that he can only perceive the colors of the rainbow. Today it is already known that the spectrum of the rainbow is not limited to red on one side and violet on the other. After red comes infrared, after violet comes ultraviolet. Many animals and insects are able to see these colors, but people, unfortunately, cannot. But a person can create devices that receive and emit light waves of the appropriate length.
Refraction of rays
Visible light is a rainbow of colors, and white light, such as sunlight, is a simple combination of these colors. If you place a prism in a beam of bright white light, it will break down into the colors or wavelengths of which it is composed. Red with a longer wavelength will appear first, then orange, yellow, green, blue and finally violet, which has the shortest wavelength in visible light.
If you take another prism to catch the light of the rainbow and turn it upside down, it will merge all the colors into white. There are many examples of optical phenomena in physics; let’s consider some of them.
Why is the sky blue?
Young parents are often perplexed by the simplest, at first glance, questions of their little whys. Sometimes they are the hardest to answer. Almost all examples of optical phenomena in nature can be explained by modern science.
The sunlight that illuminates the sky during the day is white, which means, in theory, the sky should also be bright white. In order for it to look blue, some processes are necessary with the light as it passes through the Earth's atmosphere. Here's what happens: Some of the light passes through the free space between gas molecules in the atmosphere, reaching the earth's surface and remaining the same white color as when it started. But sunlight encounters gas molecules, which, like oxygen, are absorbed and then scattered in all directions.
The atoms in the gas molecules are activated by the absorbed light and again emit photons of light in wavelengths of varying lengths - from red to purple. Thus, some of the light is directed towards the earth, the rest is sent back to the Sun. The brightness of the emitted light depends on the color. Eight photons of blue light are released for every photon of red light. Therefore, blue light is eight times brighter than red. Intense blue light is emitted from all directions from billions of gas molecules and reaches our eyes.
Multicolored arch
Once upon a time, people thought that rainbows were signs sent to them by the gods. Indeed, beautiful multi-colored ribbons always appear in the sky out of nowhere, and then just as mysteriously disappear. Today we know that a rainbow is one of the examples of optical phenomena in physics, but we never cease to admire it every time we see it in the sky. The interesting thing is that each observer sees a different rainbow, created by the rays of light coming from behind him and from the raindrops in front of him.
What are rainbows made of?
The recipe for these optical phenomena in nature is simple: water droplets in the air, light and an observer. But it is not enough for the sun to appear when it rains. It should be low, and the observer should stand so that the sun is behind him, and look at the place where it is raining or has just rained.
A sunbeam coming from distant space catches a raindrop. Acting like a prism, a raindrop refracts every color hidden in the white light. Thus, when a white ray passes through a raindrop, it suddenly splits into beautiful multi-colored rays. Inside the drop, they encounter its inner wall, which acts like a mirror, and the rays are reflected in the same direction from which they entered the drop.
The end result is that the eyes see a rainbow of colors arching across the sky - light bent and reflected by millions of tiny raindrops. They can act like small prisms, splitting white light into a spectrum of colors. But rain is not always necessary to see a rainbow. Light can also be refracted by fog or sea vapors.
What color is the water?
The answer is obvious - the water is blue. If you pour clean water into a glass, everyone will see its transparency. This is because there is too little water in the glass and the color is too pale to see.
When filling a large glass container, you can see the natural blue tint of the water. Its color depends on how the water molecules absorb or reflect light. White light is made up of a rainbow of colors, and water molecules absorb most of the colors of the red to green spectrum that pass through them. And the blue part is reflected back. So we see blue.
Sunrises and sunsets
These are also examples of optical phenomena that humans observe every day. When the sun rises and sets, it directs its rays at an angle to the place where the observer is located. They have a longer path than when the sun is at its zenith.
Layers of air above the Earth's surface often contain a lot of dust or microscopic moisture particles. The sun's rays pass at an angle to the surface and are filtered. Red rays have the longest wavelength of radiation and therefore penetrate more easily to the ground than blue rays, which have short waves that are reflected by particles of dust and water. Therefore, during the morning and evening dawn, a person observes only part of the sun's rays that reach the earth, namely red ones.
Planet light show
A typical aurora is a colorful display of light in the night sky that can be seen every night at the North Pole. Changing in bizarre shapes, huge bands of blue-green light with orange and red spots sometimes reach more than 160 km in width and can extend 1,600 km in length.
How to explain this optical phenomenon, which is such a breathtaking spectacle? Auroras appear on Earth, but they are caused by processes occurring on the distant Sun.
How is everything going?
The Sun is a huge ball of gas consisting mainly of hydrogen and helium atoms. They all have protons with a positive charge and electrons with a negative charge orbiting around them. A halo of hot gas constantly spreads into space in the form solar wind. This countless number of protons and electrons rushes at a speed of 1000 km per second.
When solar wind particles reach Earth, they are attracted by the planet's strong magnetic field. The Earth is a giant magnet with magnetic lines that converge at the North and South Poles. The attracted particles flow along these invisible lines near the poles and collide with the nitrogen and oxygen atoms that make up the Earth's atmosphere.
Some of the earth's atoms lose their electrons, others are charged with new energy. After colliding with protons and electrons from the Sun, they release photons of light. For example, nitrogen that has lost electrons attracts violet and blue light, while charged nitrogen glows dark red. Charged oxygen gives off green and red light. Thus, charged particles cause the air to shimmer in many colors. This is the aurora.
Mirages
It should be immediately determined that mirages are not a figment of human imagination, they can even be photographed, they are almost mystical examples of optical physical phenomena.
There is a lot of evidence of the observation of mirages, but science can provide a scientific explanation for this miracle. They can be as simple as a patch of water among the hot sands, or they can be stunningly complex, constructing visions of pillared hanging castles or frigates. All of these examples of optical phenomena are created by the play of light and air.
Light waves are bent when they pass first through warm, then cold air. Hot air is more rarefied than cold air, so its molecules are more active and disperse over longer distances. As the temperature decreases, the movement of molecules also decreases.
Visions seen through lenses earth's atmosphere, may be greatly modified, compressed, expanded, or inverted. This is because light rays bend as they pass through warm and then cold air, and vice versa. And those images that the light stream carries with it, for example the sky, can be reflected on the hot sand and seem like a piece of water, which always moves away when approaching.
Most often, mirages can be observed at long distances: in deserts, seas and oceans, where hot and cold layers of air with different densities. It is the passage through different temperature layers that can twist the light wave and ultimately result in a vision that is a reflection of something and is presented by fantasy as a real phenomenon.
Halo
For most optical illusions that can be observed with the naked eye, the explanation is the refraction of sunlight in the atmosphere. One of the most unusual examples of optical phenomena is the solar halo. Essentially, a halo is a rainbow around the sun. However, it differs from an ordinary rainbow in both appearance, and in its properties.
This phenomenon has many varieties, each of which is beautiful in its own way. But for any type of optical illusion to occur, certain conditions are necessary.
A halo appears in the sky when several factors coincide. Most often it can be seen in frosty weather with high humidity. There are a large number of ice crystals in the air. Making its way through them, sunlight is refracted in such a way that it forms an arc around the Sun.
And although the last 3 examples of optical phenomena are easily explained modern science, for the ordinary observer they often remain mystical and enigmatic.
Having examined the main examples of optical phenomena, we can confidently believe that many of them can be explained by modern science, despite their mysticism and mystery. But scientists still have a lot of discoveries ahead, clues to the mysterious phenomena that occur on planet Earth and beyond.
Phenomena caused by refraction, reflection, scattering and diffraction of light in the atmosphere: from them we can conclude about the state of the corresponding layers of the atmosphere.
This includes refraction, mirages, numerous halo phenomena, rainbows, crowns, dawn and twilight phenomena, blue sky, etc.
Mirage(French mirage - lit. visibility) - an optical phenomenon in the atmosphere: the refraction of light streams at the boundary between layers of air that are sharply different in density and temperature. For an observer, this phenomenon consists in the fact that along with a really visible distant object (or part of the sky), its reflection in the atmosphere is also visible.
Classification
Mirages are divided into lower, visible under the object, upper, visible above the object, and side.
Inferior Mirage
Observed with a large vertical temperature gradient (its drop with height) above a superheated flat surface, often desert or paved road. The virtual image of the sky creates the illusion of water on the surface. So, on a hot summer day you see a puddle on a road going into the distance.
Superior Mirage
Observed over the cold earth's surface with an inverse temperature distribution (air temperature rises with increasing altitude).
Superior mirages are generally less common than inferior mirages, but are often more stable because cold air does not tend to move upward and warm air downward.
Superficial mirages are most common in polar regions, especially on large, flat ice floes with stable low temperatures. Such conditions may occur over Greenland and in the Iceland area. Perhaps due to this effect, called hillingar(from Icelandic hillingar), the first settlers of Iceland learned about the existence of Greenland.
Superior mirages are also observed at more moderate latitudes, although in these cases they are weaker, less clear and stable. The superior mirage can be upright or inverted, depending on the distance to the true object and the temperature gradient. Often the image looks like a fragmented mosaic of straight and inverted parts.
A normal-sized ship is moving over the horizon. Given a specific state of the atmosphere, its reflection above the horizon appears gigantic.
Superior mirages can have a striking effect due to the curvature of the Earth. If the curvature of the rays is approximately the same as the curvature of the Earth, the light rays can travel great distances, causing the observer to see objects far beyond the horizon. This was observed and documented for the first time in 1596, when a ship under the command of Willem Barentsz, searching for the Northeast Passage, became stuck in the ice on Novaya Zemlya. The crew was forced to wait out the polar night. Moreover, the sunrise after the polar night was observed two weeks earlier than expected. In the 20th century, this phenomenon was explained and called the “New Earth Effect.”
In the same way, ships that are actually so far away that they should not be visible above the horizon can appear on the horizon, and even above the horizon, as superior mirages. This may explain some stories of ships or coastal cities flying in the sky, as described by some polar explorers.
Side mirage
Side mirages can appear as a reflection from a heated vertical wall. A case is described when a smooth concrete wall The fortress suddenly shone like a mirror, reflecting the surrounding objects. On a hot day, a mirage was observed whenever the wall was sufficiently heated by the sun's rays.
Fata Morgana
Complex mirage phenomena with a sharp distortion of the appearance of objects are called Fata Morgana. Fata Morgana(Italian: fata Morgana - fairy Morgana, according to legend, lives on the seabed and deceives travelers with ghostly visions) - a rare complex optical phenomenon in the atmosphere, consisting of several forms of mirages, in which distant objects are visible repeatedly and with various distortions.
Fata Morgana occurs when several alternating layers of air of different densities are formed in the lower layers of the atmosphere (usually due to temperature differences), capable of giving mirror reflections. As a result of reflection, as well as refraction of rays, real-life objects produce several distorted images on the horizon or above it, partially overlapping each other and quickly changing in time, which creates a bizarre picture of Fata Morgana.
Volume mirage
In the mountains, it is very rare, under certain conditions, to see the “distorted self” at a fairly close distance. This phenomenon is explained by the presence of “standing” water vapor in the air.
Halo(from ancient Greek ἅλως - circle, disk; also aura, nimbus, halo) - an optical phenomenon, a luminous ring around a light source.
Physics of the phenomenon
Halos usually appear around the Sun or Moon, sometimes around other powerful light sources such as street lights. There are many types of halos and they are mainly caused by ice crystals in cirrus clouds at an altitude of 5-10 km in upper layers troposphere. The type of halo depends on the shape and arrangement of the crystals. The light reflected and refracted by ice crystals is often decomposed into a spectrum, which makes the halo look like a rainbow. The brightest and most colorful are the parhelia and the zenith arc, less bright are the tangents of the small and large halo. In a small 22-degree halo, only part of the colors of the spectrum (from red to yellow) is visible; the rest appears white due to repeated mixing of refracted rays. The parhelic circle and a number of other halo arcs are almost always white. An interesting feature of the large 46-degree halo is that it is dim and of little color, while the upper tangent arc, which almost coincides with it at the low altitude of the Sun above the horizon, has pronounced rainbow colors.
In the dim lunar halo, colors are not visible to the eye, which is due to the peculiarities of twilight vision.
©2015-2019 site
All rights belong to their authors. This site does not claim authorship, but provides free use.
Page creation date: 2016-02-13
Various optical (light) phenomena in the atmosphere are caused by the fact that the light rays of the sun and other celestial bodies, passing through the atmosphere, experience scattering and diffraction. In this regard, a number of amazingly beautiful optical phenomena arise in the atmosphere:
the color of the sky, the color of dawn, twilight, the twinkling of stars, circles around the visible location of the sun and moon, rainbows, mirage, etc. All of them, reflecting certain physical processes in the atmosphere, are very closely related to the change and state of the weather and therefore can form good local signs for her prediction.
As you know, the spectrum of sunlight consists of seven primary colors, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Various colors rays of white light are mixed in a strictly defined proportion. With any violation of this proportion, the light turns from white to colored. If rays of light fall on particles whose sizes are smaller than the wavelengths of the rays, then, according to Rayleigh's law, they are scattered by these particles in inverse proportion to the wavelengths to the fourth power. These particles can be both molecules of gases that make up the atmosphere and tiny particles of dust.
The same particles scatter rays of different colors in different ways. The most strongly scattered rays are violet, blue and blue, the weakest are red. That is why the sky is painted blue: at the horizon it has a light blue tone, and at the zenith it is almost blue.
Blue rays, passing through the atmosphere, are strongly scattered, while red rays reach the surface of the earth almost completely unscattered. This explains the red color of the sun's disk at sunset or immediately after sunrise.
When light falls on particles whose diameter is almost equal to or greater than the wavelengths, then rays of all colors are scattered equally. In this case, the scattered and incident light will be the same color.
Therefore, if larger particles are suspended in the atmosphere, then the blue color of the sky due to the scattering of gas molecules will add white, and the sky will turn blue with a whitish tint, increasing as the amount of particles suspended in the atmosphere increases.
This color of the sky occurs when there is a lot of dust in the air.
The color of the sky becomes whitish, and if there are large quantities of condensation products of water vapor in the air in the form of water droplets and ice crystals, the sky becomes reddish and orange tint.
This phenomenon is usually observed during the passage of fronts or cyclones, when moisture is carried high up by powerful air currents.
When the sun is near the horizon, light rays have to travel a long way to the surface of the earth through a layer of air that often contains large amounts of large particles of moisture and dust. In this case, blue light is scattered very weakly, red and other rays are scattered more strongly, coloring the lower layer of the atmosphere in various bright and brown shades of red, yellow and other colors, depending on the dustiness, humidity and dryness of the air.
Closely related to the color of the sky is a phenomenon called opalescent cloudiness of the air. The phenomenon of opalescent clouding of the air is that distant earthly objects seem to be shrouded in a bluish haze (scattered violet, blue, cyan colors).
This phenomenon is observed in cases where there are many tiny dust particles with a diameter of less than 4 microns in the air in a suspended state.
Numerous studies of sky color using special device(cyanometer) and visually established the relationship between the color of the sky and the nature of the air mass. It turned out that there is a direct connection between these two phenomena.
A deep blue color indicates the presence of an Arctic air mass in this area, and a whitish color indicates a dusty continental and tropical air mass. When condensation of water vapor in the air results in the formation of water particles or ice crystals larger size than air molecules, they reflect all rays equally, and the sky acquires a whitish or grayish color.
Solid and liquid particles in the atmosphere cause significant clouding of the air and therefore greatly reduce visibility. In meteorology, visibility range is understood as the maximum distance at which, given the state of the atmosphere, the objects in question cease to be distinguishable.
Consequently, the color of the sky and visibility, depending largely on the size of particles in the air, make it possible to judge the state of the atmosphere and the upcoming weather.
A number of local weather forecasting signs are based on this:
Dark bluish skies during the day (only slightly whitish near the sun), average to good visibility and calm weather have a low amount of water vapor in the troposphere, therefore anticyclonic weather can be expected to last 12 hours or more.
A whitish sky during the day, average or poor visibility indicate the presence of a large amount of water vapor, condensation products and dust in the troposphere, i.e., the periphery of the anticyclone, in contact with the cyclone, passes here: a transition to cyclonic weather can be expected in the next 6-12 hours.
The color of the sky, which has a greenish tint, indicates greater dryness of the air in the troposphere; portends summer hot weather, and in winter it’s frosty.
A smooth gray sky in the morning occurs before clear good weather, a gray evening and red morning occur before inclement windy weather.
The whitish tint of the sky near the horizon at a low sun altitude (while the rest of the sky is blue) affects the low humidity in the troposphere and portends good weather.
A gradual decrease in the brightness and blueness of the sky, an increase in a whitish spot near the sun, clouding of the sky near the horizon, and deterioration in visibility are a sign of the approach of a warm front or a warm-type occlusion front.
If distant objects are clearly visible and do not appear closer than they actually are, anticyclonic weather can be expected.
If distant objects are clearly visible, but the distance to them seems closer than actual, then there is a large amount of water vapor in the atmosphere: you need to wait for the weather to worsen.
Poor visibility of distant objects on the coast indicates the presence of a large amount of dust in the lower layer of air and is a sign that precipitation should not be expected in the next 6-12 hours.
Greater air transparency with a visibility range of 20-50 km or more is a sign of the presence of an Arctic air mass in the area
The clear visibility of the moon with an apparently convex disk indicates high air humidity in the troposphere and serves as a sign of deteriorating weather.
The clearly visible ashen light of the moon portends bad weather. Ash light is the phenomenon when, in the first days after the new moon, in addition to the narrow bright crescent of the moon, its entire full disk is visible, weakly illuminated by the light reflected from the earth.
Zarya
Dawn is the color of the sky at sunrise and sunset.
The variety of colors of dawn is caused by different conditions of the atmosphere. The color stripes of dawn, counting from the horizon, are always observed in the order of the colors of the spectrum: red, orange, yellow, blue.
Individual colors may be completely absent, but the order of distribution never changes. The horizon below the red color may sometimes have a gray, dirty purple color that appears lilac. Upper part zari has either a whitish tint or blue.
The main factors influencing the appearance of dawn are the condensation products of water vapor and dust contained in the atmosphere:
The more moisture in the air, the more pronounced the red color of dawn. An increase in air humidity is usually observed before the approach of a cyclone or front carrying inclement weather. Therefore, with bright red and orange dawns, you can expect wet weather with strong winds. The predominance of yellow (golden) tones of dawn indicates a small amount of moisture and a large amount of dust in the air, which indicates upcoming dry and windy weather.
Bright and crimson red dawns, similar to the glow of a distant fire with muddy shades, indicate high humidity air and are a sign of deteriorating weather - the approach of a cyclone or front in the next 6-12 hours.
The predominance of bright yellow, as well as golden and pink tones of the evening dawn indicates low air humidity; Dry, often windy weather can be expected.
A light red (pink) sky in the evening indicates light windy weather without precipitation.
A ruddy evening and gray morning foreshadow a clear day and evening with light winds.
The softer the red color of the clouds at dawn, the more favorable the upcoming weather will be.
A yellowish-brown dawn in winter during frosts indicates their persistence and possible intensification.
A cloudy yellowish-pink evening dawn is a sign of a likely worsening of the weather.
If the sun, approaching the horizon, changes little from its usual whitish-yellow color and sets very bright, which is due to the high transparency of the atmosphere, low moisture and dust content, then good weather will continue.
If the sun, before setting to the horizon or at sunrise, at the moment its edge appears, gives a flash of a bright green ray, then we should expect stable, clear, calm weather to persist; If you were able to notice a blue beam, then you can expect it. Especially calm and clear weather. The duration of the green beam flash is no more than 1-3 seconds.
The predominance of greenish tints during the evening dawn indicates long, dry, clear weather.
A light silver stripe without any sharp boundaries, visible for a long time at the horizon in a cloudless sky after sunset, portends long-lasting calm anticyclonic weather.
The gentle pink illumination of stationary cirrus clouds during sunset in the absence of other clouds is a reliable sign of established anticyclonic weather.
The predominance of a bright red color in the evening dawn, which persists for a long time as the sun further descends below the horizon, serves as a sign of the approach of a warm front or a warm-type occlusion front; prolonged inclement windy weather should be expected.
A gentle pink dawn in the form of a circle above the sun that has set behind the horizon means good, stable weather. If the color of the circle turns pinkish-red, precipitation and increased wind are possible.
The color of dawn is closely related to the nature of the air mass. The table compiled for temperate latitudes of the European part of the CIS shows the relationship between the colors of dawn and air masses according to N. I. Kucherov:
Sunset
Since cyclones move predominantly from western points, a sign of the approach of a cyclone is usually the appearance of clouds in the western half of the sky, and if this happens in the evening, then the sun sets in the clouds. But at the same time, it is necessary to take into account the sequence of cloud forms, which is associated with cyclones and atmospheric fronts.
If the sun sets behind a low, continuous cloud that stands out sharply against the background of a greenish or yellowish sky, then this is a sign of upcoming good (dry, quiet and clear) weather.
If the sun sets with continuous low clouds and if layers of cirrus or cirrostratus clouds are observed on the horizon and above the clouds, then precipitation will fall and windy cyclonic weather will occur in the next 6-12 hours.
The setting of the sun behind dark dense clouds with a red tint at the edges heralds cyclonic weather.
If after sunset in the east a dark cone gradually spreading upward with a wide blurred orange border is clearly visible - the shadow of the earth, then a cyclone is approaching from the direction of sunset.
The shadow of the earth in the east after sunset is gray-gray, without a colored edge or with a pale pink color - a sign of the persistence of anticyclonic weather.
This is the name given to a bunch of individual light rays or stripes emerging from behind the clouds covering the sun. The sun's rays pass through the gaps between the clouds, illuminate water droplets suspended in the air, and produce a beam light stripes in the form of ribbons (Buddha's rays).
Since this glow is observed due to the presence of a large number of small water drops in the air, it portends rainy, windy cyclonic weather.
A glow emerging from behind a dark cloud behind which the sun is located is a sign of the onset of windy weather with rain in the next 3-6 hours.
Shining from behind the clouds yellow, observed immediately after the rain, portends an imminent resumption of rain and increased wind.
The red color of the sun, moon and other celestial bodies indicates high humidity in the atmosphere, i.e. the establishment of cyclonic weather with strong wind and precipitation in the next 6-10 hours.
The reddish color of the darkened disk of the sun, together with the bluish color of distant objects (mountains, etc.) is a sign of the spread of dusty tropical air; we should expect a significant increase in air temperature soon.
Watching the sky from open space(for example, in the sea), you can notice that it has the shape of a hemisphere, but flattened in the vertical direction. It often seems that the distance from the observer to the horizon is three to four times greater than to the zenith.
This is explained as follows. When we look up without tilting our heads back, objects appear shortened to us compared to those that are in a horizontal position.
For example, fallen poles or trees appear longer than vertical ones. In the horizontal direction, atmospheric perspective operates, as a result of which objects shrouded in haze (from dust and rising currents) appear less illuminated and therefore more distant.
The apparent flatness of the sky varies depending on weather conditions. Greater atmospheric transparency and high humidity air increases the flatness of the sky.
A flattened, low sky occurs before cyclonic weather.
A high sky is observed in the central regions of anticyclones; good anticyclonic weather can be expected to persist for 12 hours or more.
Electrical and optical phenomena in the atmosphere. Atmospheric phenomena. Electrical and optical phenomena in the atmosphere are amazing and sometimes dangerous atmospheric phenomena.
Electrical phenomena in the atmosphere.
3. Electrical phenomena are a manifestation of atmospheric electricity (thunderstorm, lightning, aurora).
Thunderstorms are strong electrical discharges occurring in the atmosphere. Accompanied by gusty winds, rain, flashes of bright light (lightning) and sharp sound effects (thunder). Thunderclaps can be heard at a distance of up to twenty kilometers. The cause is cumulonimbus clouds. Electrical discharges can occur between clouds, inside the clouds themselves, between clouds and the surface of the earth. A thunderstorm can be frontal when a cold or warm front of air masses moves, or intramass. An intramass thunderstorm is formed when the air warms up locally. Thunderstorm is very dangerous natural phenomenon for a person. By the number of carried away human lives thunderstorms are in second place after floods. Curious scientists have determined that one and a half thousand thunderstorms occur simultaneously on Earth. Forty-six lightning strikes every second! Only at the poles and in the polar regions there are no thunderstorms.
Zarnitsa This is a light phenomenon in which clouds or the horizon are briefly illuminated by lightning. The lightning itself is not observed. The reason is a distant thunderstorm (at a distance of more than twenty kilometers). Thunder in the lightning is not heard.
aurora– multi-colored glow of the night sky in high latitudes. The reason is a significant fluctuation magnetic field Earth. This releases a large amount of energy. The duration of this phenomenon can range from several minutes to several days.
Optical phenomena in the atmosphere.
4. Optical phenomena are the result of diffraction (refraction) of light from the Sun or Moon (mirage, rainbow, halo).
A mirage is the appearance of an imaginary image of a really existing object. Usually imaginary objects appear upside down or greatly distorted. The reason is the bending of light rays due to the optical inhomogeneity of the air. Heterogeneity of the atmosphere appears when the air is heated unevenly at different altitudes.
Rainbow– a large multi-colored arc against the background of rain clouds. The rainbow has a red outer part and purple inner part. Often with outside After the rainbow, a secondary rainbow appears, in which the alternation of colors is reversed. The cause is the refraction and reflection of light rays in droplets of water vapor. Rainbows can only be seen if the sun is low on the horizon.
Halo– light reddish arcs, circles, spots appearing around the Sun or Moon. The cause is the refraction and reflection of light rays from ice crystals in cirrostratus clouds.
5. Unclassified atmospheric phenomena are all phenomena that are difficult to attribute to any other type (squall, tornado, whirlwind, haze).
Squall This is a sudden and sudden increase in wind over a period of one or two minutes. The wind reaches speeds of more than 10 meters per second. The reason is the movement of ascending and descending air masses. A squall is accompanied by thunderstorms, rain and cumulonimbus clouds.
Vortex- This is the rotational and translational movement of large masses of air. The diameter of the vortex can reach several thousand kilometers. Atmospheric vortices: cyclone, typhoon.
Tornado or a tornado - a very strong whirlwind, which is a giant funnel or pillar of cloud. The diameter of such a column above the water can be up to 100 meters, and above the ground up to a kilometer. The height of the tornado reaches 10 kilometers.
Inside the funnel or column, when the air rotates, a zone of rarefied air is formed. The speed of air movement in the funnel has not yet been determined. There is simply no such daredevil who would risk falling into a funnel with instruments. A tornado draws in water, sand, dust, and other objects and carries them over considerable distances. The lifespan of a tornado ranges from several minutes to an hour and a half. Formed during hot weather and comes from a cumulonimbus cloud. People have not yet fully determined the mechanism of tornadoes.
