Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) is an acidic salt consisting of sodium and carbonic acid. It looks like a white powder consisting of small crystals. Found as a food additive in cooking and food industry. It is also used in medicine in the form of solutions.

Sodium bicarbonate has the formula NaHCO 3, where Na is sodium, H is hydrogen, CO is carbon.

The atomic mass value is 84.00 a.u.

The molar mass of the substance is 84.007 g/mol.

The density of sodium bicarbonate is 2.16 g/cm3.

Formula for the reaction of baking soda and vinegar

NaHCO3 + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O

Formula for the reaction of baking soda and citric acid

Н3С6Н5О7 + 3NaHCO3 → Na3C6H5O7 + 3CO2 + 3H2O

About the history of the discovery

The first mention of soda appears in the memoirs of Dioscorides Pedanius, a doctor from Rome, who described a method for obtaining powder by evaporating the substance from lake water.

The first “artificial” soda appeared only in the 18th century. To artificially obtain the substance in 1736, chemist Henri Duhamel de Monceau needed to use the crystallization method.
For the first time, soda powder was produced industrially in Russia. The industrial production was based on the discovery of chemist Eric Laxman, who established that soda is obtained by sintering charcoal and natural sodium sulfate. E. Laxman managed to test this method at a glass production plant in Taltsinsk. But the method is not widely used.

A more successful attempt took place in 1791, when the French chemist N. Lebman began to produce soda by fusing chalk, a mixture of sodium sulfate and charcoal. An enterprise was created that produced 120 kg. soda powder daily.

Lebman's technology was successfully used in Europe, and in 1864 the first plant of this type opened in Russia. It was a Barnaul enterprise created by industrialist M. Prague. Later, a large plant was opened in Russia, producing 20,000 tons of soda powder annually.

At the new enterprise, production was carried out using ammonia technology, which was proposed and patented back in 1838-1840. The ammonia method was more economical and made it possible to obtain higher quality soda, so by 1916-1920 all enterprises using Lebman technology were closed.

Chemical composition of baking soda according to GOST

Soda used in the food industry. Designated as additive E500. According to GOST, 100 gr. baking soda consists of:

• Ash - 36.9 gr.
• Water - 0.2 g.
• Sodium - 24.7 g.
• Selenium - 0.2 mcg.

Calories in baking soda

Sodium bicarbonate does not contain dietary fiber, proteins, fats or carbohydrates. Calorie content per 100 g. - 0 calories.

Solubility of soda in water

Sodium bicarbonate is highly soluble in water, forming other chemical compounds. It dissolves better in hot water and interacts weakly with cold water. The finished aqueous solution has a weak alkaline reaction. An aqueous soda solution is an electrolyte with good conductivity.

Is baking soda an alkaline or an acid?

The acidity or alkalinity of any solution of a chemical substance is calculated by the value of the hydrogen index (ph). Solutions with an acidic environment include solutions with a pH of 6 or lower. Solutions with a pH of 8 and higher are classified as alkaline solutions.

How is baking soda obtained?

Baking soda is obtained naturally from the banks of dried soda ponds. In nature, soda formations are found in a whole group of minerals. The most common is trona, a mineral from which soda powder is obtained after careful cleaning, crushing and heating. Natural raw materials for the production of soda consist of a wide group of mineral formations containing sodium carbonate. All raw materials are divided into two groups:

• Rocks containing essential minerals and groundwater with high content sodium carbonate.
• Soda deposits containing deposits of trona, natron and halite. Brine and dried lakes, on the banks of which “soda snowdrifts” form.

This article contains a huge collection of information that will introduce you to the prevention and treatment of diseases using regular baking soda, known as -

Soda. NaHCO3. Sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate. Baking soda.

NaHCO3. Sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate, or baking soda. How to take and drink soda. How baking soda treats cancer and helps with other diseases. Soda for weight loss. And also reviews of soda treatment.

The beneficial properties of baking soda have been known for a long time, but they gained wide popularity after the publication of the research of Italian doctor Tulio Simoncini, who took the problem seriously and came to amazing results.

How to take soda baths for weight loss

However, soda really finds its use in the process of losing excess weight. Most correct application soda for weight loss is an addition of this substance to the composition of baths. Typically, up to 500 g of sea salt, which can be easily purchased at any pharmacy, and 300 g of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) are added to such a bath. The volume of the bath is 200 l, and the temperature of the solution is 37-39 ° C. Time spent in the bath is 20 minutes. In one bath you can lose up to 2 kg (!) of weight.

The essence of the action of soda in such baths is that it very well relaxes the human body and gives him the opportunity to lose not only excess weight, but also the negative energy that has accumulated in him during the working day. While taking a soda bath, a person’s lymphatic system begins to actively work and cleanse itself. If, for example, a person wants to cleanse himself from the effects of radiation, then he is recommended not to add sea salt to the bath, but to limit himself only to soda.
What you need to remember when using baking soda for weight loss

Those people who want to lose weight with soda baths, but have health problems or are diabetic, may be advised to consult with their doctor before taking procedures to remove toxins from the body. You constantly need to monitor the temperature of the soda bath for weight loss, since the higher the temperature, the better the cleansing goes. However, there is no need to sweat a lot, especially when taking the first procedures. After a person has left the bath, he should not wash himself with water - he should wrap himself in terry towel or a robe and lie down. Baths with soda wonderfully relieve fatigue and relieve nervous tension.

Adding essential fragrant oils to bath water with soda has a very good effect on fat metabolism in the human body. The rate of fat breakdown and the elimination of toxins increases many times over, and the body quickly loses excess weight. Soda baths, with the addition of sea salts and incense, are a wonderful remedy for weight loss, cleansing the body of toxins and radionuclides, increasing the body’s energy and health.

Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 (other names: baking soda, baking soda, sodium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate) is an acid salt of carbonic acid and sodium. Typically a fine crystalline powder white. It is used in the food industry, cooking, and medicine as a neutralizer for burns of human skin and mucous membranes by acids and to reduce the acidity of gastric juice. Also - in buffer solutions, since over a wide range of solution concentrations its pH changes slightly.

AREAS OF APPLICATION OF SODA

1. Lose weight with soda.
2. Treatment of alcoholism.
3. Stop smoking.
4. Treatment of all types of drug addiction and substance abuse.
5. Prevention and treatment of cancer.
6. Removal of lead, cadmium, mercury, thallium, barium, bismuth and other heavy metals from the body.
7. Removal of radioactive isotopes from the body, prevention of radioactive contamination of the body.
8. Leaching, dissolving all harmful deposits in the joints and spine; stones in the liver and kidneys, i.e. treatment of radiculitis, osteochondrosis, polyarthritis, gout, rheumatism, urolithiasis, cholelithiasis; dissolution of stones in the liver, gall bladder, intestines and kidneys.
9. Cleansing the body to enhance attention, concentration, balance and academic performance of unbalanced children.
10. Cleansing the body of toxic substances produced by irritation, anger, hatred, envy, doubt, dissatisfaction and other harmful feelings and thoughts of a person.

Modern research in the human body, animals and plants, the role of soda is to neutralize acids, increase the body’s alkaline reserves and maintain normal acid-base balance . In humans, the acidity level of the blood pH should be within the normal range of 7.35-7.47. If the pH is less than 6.8 (very acidic blood, severe acidosis), then the death of the body occurs (TSB, vol. 12, p. 200). Nowadays, most people suffer from increased acidity body (acidosis), having a blood pH below 7.35. At a pH less than 7.25 (severe acidosis), alkalizing therapy should be prescribed: taking soda from 5 g to 40 g per day (Therapist's Handbook, 1973, pp. 450, 746).

In case of methanol poisoning, the intravenous daily dose of soda reaches 100 g (Therapist's Handbook, 1969, p. 468).

The causes of acidosis are poisons in food, water and air, medications, and pesticides. A lot of self-poisoning of people with psychic poisons occurs from fear, anxiety, irritation, dissatisfaction, envy, anger, hatred... With the loss of psychic energy, the kidneys cannot retain a high concentration of soda in the blood, which is lost along with urine. This is another cause of acidosis: loss of mental energy leads to loss of alkalis (soda).

If you take soda correctly (with water, starting with 1/5 teaspoon 2 times a day), then it should not cause any irritation to the mucous membranes.

To correct acidosis, 3-5 g of soda per day is prescribed (Mashkovsky M.D. Medicines, 1985, vol. 2, p. 113).

Soda, destroying acidosis, increases the body's alkaline reserves and shifts the acid-base balance to the alkaline side (pH approximately 1.45 and higher). In an alkaline body, water is activated, i.e. its dissociation into H+ and OH- ions due to amine alkalis, amino acids, proteins, enzymes, RNA and DNA nucleotides.

A healthy body produces highly alkaline digestive juices for digestion. Digestion in the duodenum occurs in an alkaline environment under the influence of juices: pancreatic juice, bile, Bruttner gland juice and the juice of the duodenal mucosa. All juices have high alkalinity (BME, ed. 2, vol. 24, p. 634).

Pancreatic juice has a pH=7.8-9.0. Pancreatic juice enzymes act only in an alkaline environment. Bile normally has an alkaline reaction pH = 7.50-8.50.
The secretion of the large intestine has a highly alkaline environment pH = 8.9-9.0 (BME, ed. 2, vol. 12, art. Acid-base balance, p. 857).

With severe acidosis, bile becomes acidic pH = 6.6-6.9 instead of the normal pH = 7.5-8.5. This impairs digestion, which leads to poisoning of the body with the products of poor digestion, the formation of stones in the liver, gall bladder, intestines and kidneys.

Opistarchosis worms, pinworms, roundworms, tapeworms, etc. live quietly in an acidic environment. They die in an alkaline environment.

In an acidic body, saliva is acidic pH = 5.7-6.7, which leads to the slow destruction of tooth enamel. In an alkaline organism, saliva is alkaline: pH = 7.2-7.9 (Therapist's Handbook, 1969, p. 753) and teeth are not destroyed. To treat caries, in addition to fluoride, you need to take soda twice a day (so that saliva becomes alkaline).

Soda, neutralizing excess acids, increases the body's alkaline reserves, makes urine alkaline, which facilitates the functioning of the kidneys (saves mental energy), saves glutamic amino acid, and prevents the deposition of kidney stones. A remarkable property of soda is that its excess is easily excreted by the kidneys, giving an alkaline reaction to the urine (BME, ed. 2, vol. 12, p. 861). But the body should be accustomed to it for a long time (M.O., part 1, p. 461), because Alkalinization of the body with soda leads to the removal of a large amount of poisons (toxins) accumulated by the body over many years of acidic life.

In an alkaline environment with activated water, the biochemical activity of amine vitamins increases many times: B1 (thiamine, cocarboxylase), B4 (choline), B5 or PP (nicotinamide), B6 ​​(pyridoxal), B12 (cobimamide). Vitamins that have a fiery nature (M.O., part 1, 205) can fully manifest it only in an alkaline environment. In the acidic environment of a poisoned body, even the best plant vitamins cannot reveal their best qualities (Br., 13).

Large doses of soda with water are not absorbed and cause diarrhea; they are used as a laxative. To combat roundworms and pinworms, the amine alkali piperazine is used, supplemented with soda enemas (Mashkovsky M.D., vol. 2, pp. 366-367).

Soda is used for poisoning with methanol, ethyl alcohol, formaldehyde, karbofos, chlorophos, white phosphorus, phosphine, fluorine, iodine, mercury and lead (Therapist's Handbook, 1969).

A solution of soda, caustic soda and ammonia is used to destroy (degass) chemical warfare agents (KHE, vol. 1, p. 1035).

TAKING SODA or how to drink soda correctly

You need to take soda on an empty stomach, 20-30 minutes before. before meals (not immediately after meals - maybe reverse effect). Start with small doses - 1/5 teaspoon, gradually increase the dose, bringing it to 1/2 teaspoon.

You can dilute the soda in one glass of warm, hot boiled water, or take it in dry form with a drink (required!) hot water(one glass). Take 2-3 r. per day.

To quit smoking: rinsing the mouth with a thick solution of soda or coating the mouth with soda and saliva: soda is placed on the tongue, dissolves in saliva and causes an aversion to tobacco when smoking. Doses are small so as not to disturb digestion.

Best stroke prevention: massage your gums in the morning and evening, after brushing your teeth with baking soda (with a brush or your fingers), dropping hydrogen peroxide into it.

CANCER Prevention

Internal use of soda is a cancer prevention; treatment requires contact with the tumor, so it is most effective to treat at home, breast cancer, skin cancer, stomach cancer, female cancers - where soda can directly reach.

You need to take soda on an empty stomach, 20-30 minutes before. before meals (not immediately after meals - it may have the opposite effect). Start with small doses - 1/5 teaspoon, gradually increase the dose, bringing it to 1/2 teaspoon. You can dilute soda in one glass of warmly hot boiled water (hot milk) or take it in dry form, washing it down (required!) with hot water or milk (one glass). Take 2-3 r. per day.

Metastases are the same “mushroom” fruiting bodies throughout the entire “mycelium”. Having matured, metastases break off and spread throughout the body, look for a weak spot and grow again. And the weak point is the acidic environment in the body, various inflammations in organs and systems. So it turns out that in order to cure cancer and to prevent it, you need to maintain a certain environment in the body.

PH environment, or pH value. At birth it is 7.41 pH, and a person dies with an indicator of 5.41-4.5. He is allotted 2 units for the rest of his life. Cancer occurs when the pH value drops to 5.41. The greatest activity of lymphatic cells in destroying cancer occurs at pH 7.4. However, there is usually a more acidic environment around cancer cells, which inhibits the activity of lymphatic cells.

In an acidic environment, malignant neoplasms of the esophageal mucosa occur more often. It has been observed that in many countries, an increase in the consumption of carbonated soft drinks has been accompanied by a parallel increase in the prevalence of esophageal cancer.

The normal state of the internal fluids of the human body is slightly alkaline. An acidic environment is a favorable environment for the rapid growth of bacteria and cancer cells.

The familiar and commonplace soda has its own ancient history. Baking soda was extracted by our ancestors from the ashes of some plants and was used in everyday life, in cooking and to treat various diseases.

And today, science has confirmed the valuable properties of soda.

So, it turned out that baking soda is absolutely non-toxic. It can be safely used in everyday life for washing dishes, glass, sinks, tiles and other items. Baking soda is especially indispensable for washing children's dishes. Since I have small children, for household needs I mainly use only baking soda and regular laundry soap.

Baking soda perfectly removes all dirt! To make it more convenient to wash dishes with soda, I simply poured it into a pemoxol jar and now I always have this divine powder at hand and in a convenient container. I need to wash something - I take a sponge, sprinkle a little soda on it and everything is washed off perfectly!

I also wash with the same baking soda. I dissolve a handful of baking soda in a bowl of water, soak the dirty things, and then wash them with soap (natural).

Well, after I learned about the healing properties of baking soda, I completely fell in love with it. What kind of treatment is possible with soda? The list is extensive. And I will begin my description with the most common use of soda in folk medicine, namely, heartburn.

Treatment of heartburn and belching with soda

Painful heartburn is a symptom of increased stomach acidity. To neutralize the acid, just add 1 teaspoon of baking soda to a glass of water, stir and drink in one gulp.

A more “tasty” recipe will relieve both heartburn and belching: put half a teaspoon of baking soda in a glass of water, stir thoroughly until the soda is completely dissolved.

Baking soda - treatment of boils

Furuncle can be perfectly treated with an application of soda and aloe. First, sprinkle the boil with soda, then place an aloe leaf cut lengthwise on top of the soda and bandage it tightly. Keep for 2 days, do not wet! Treatment of boils with baking soda is effective, despite the apparent simplicity of execution.

Soda for sore throat for colds and coughs

A proven recipe for a sore throat during a cold is gargling with a solution of baking soda at the rate of 1 teaspoon per glass of warm water.

Treatment of calluses, corns and cracked heels with a soda bath

For old hard calluses, corns or cracked heels, soda baths have worked well. Dissolve a handful of baking soda in a bowl of hot water. Place your feet in it and hold it for 15 minutes. Then treat your feet with a pumice stone or a foot file.

Baking soda will cure a burn

Baking soda is also indispensable in the treatment of burns. In the kitchen, baking soda should always be on hand. If you get burned, immediately make a strong solution of soda at the rate of 1 tbsp. spoon per glass of water. Soak a cotton swab in the solution and apply it to the burn until the pain goes away.

You can also mix 1 teaspoon of soda with the same amount vegetable oil and lubricate the burn area with the resulting ointment. After 5-10 minutes, the pain from the burn goes away. Blisters do not appear after this procedure.

Baking soda for hair. For dandruff

Baking soda is good for hair. Can it be added based on calculation? teaspoon for 1 cap of shampoo (natural). Wash your hair with the resulting product. Oily hair - once a week. Dry - 1-2 times a month. Your hair will be clean and shiny for a long time.

Helps with dandruff folk recipe with soda. Forget about shampoos for a while. Try washing your hair with baking soda. This is how you do it: first wet your hair, then lightly massaging, rub baking soda into your scalp by the handful. Then rinse the baking soda off your hair with plenty of water and dry it. For some it’s earlier, for others it’s later – but the dandruff will go away.

The main thing is don't give up. Don't be afraid that at first your hair will become drier than usual. Then sebum secretion will be restored. Treating dandruff with baking soda is a proven folk recipe.

Treating thrush with baking soda

Many women try unsuccessfully to cure thrush. This disease is very insidious. Baking soda will help in the treatment of thrush. Dissolve 1 teaspoon of soda in 1 liter of boiled water at room temperature. Spritz your vagina thoroughly with the resulting mixture to wash out all the “curd” from it.

This procedure should be done in the morning and evening for two days in a row.

Flux soda

Flux can be easily treated with hot soda rinses; the solution is prepared at the rate of 1 teaspoon of baking soda per glass of hot water.

Baking soda will cure itching from insect bites. Relieves swelling from bee and wasp stings

Insect bites often cause itchy skin. To neutralize itching, use a solution of baking soda in water (1 teaspoon per glass of water). Soak cotton pads in the solution and apply to the bite site.

When stung by bees or wasps, a tumor may form at the site of the bite. To cure a tumor from a bee or wasp sting, make a paste of soda and water, rub the bite area with this paste, then, without washing off the soda, apply a fresh leaf of plantain (or parsley) on top, bandage it and keep it there for at least 12 hours.

Teeth whitening

You can whiten your teeth with baking soda. Place a pinch of baking soda on your toothbrush, then brush your teeth very carefully. This procedure can be done no more than once every 7-10 days. Otherwise, the enamel may be damaged.

Baking soda for sweat

Our great-grandmothers did not know deodorants; they used baking soda to remove the smell of sweat. After showering, apply a little baking soda to clean, dry armpits and lightly rub it into the skin. The smell of sweat will not appear for at least 24 hours.

Baking soda for acne

A cleansing mask with oatmeal will help with acne. Grind the rolled oats in a coffee grinder until it becomes flour. For 1 cup of ground rolled oats, add 1 teaspoon of baking soda. Mix thoroughly.

Before use, take 1 tbsp. spoon of this mixture and add a little water to it to make a paste. Apply it on your face for 15-20 minutes. Then rinse off with a sponge or cotton pad with plenty of water.

To completely get rid of acne, you need to use this mask daily or every other day until the entire glass of the prepared mixture is gone. If necessary, repeat the course.

Reviews of soda treatment - from messages on forums

“...when my breast tumor grew from 3 cm to 6.5 cm in a fairly short period of time and became localized, he offered me surgery. But I refused - I no longer felt trust in him. The doctor simply threw my medical card on the table and said that he would not give me more than 5 years to live! Today is 2010, I have three granddaughters and an 11-year-old daughter, whom I gave birth to myself without any caesarean section at the age of 41.”

“First of all, I want to say that I treated female forms of oncology, and you need to drink soda internally based on 1 teaspoon per glass of warm water. Drink little and often. I didn’t give injections, but I douched with a hot solution of soda from the following ratio: 0.5 liters of boiled water to 1 dessert spoon of soda. I did such douching as often as I could, at least 5-6 times a day. You can take an enema after consulting with your doctor, because everyone has their own diagnosis, and what is life for one may not be good for another. I also want to warn against consuming dairy products, which contribute to the formation of callogens in the body and clog the lymph. It is necessary to *carry out cleansing procedures, take an enema* to free the rectum from fecal stones. This will already give a weakened body great relief. I did it according to Breg: a week - every day, a week - every other day, a week - every two days, then every three and up to once a month. Then such a patient needs to completely change his lifestyle and diet. I fasted for 40 days apple juice. Then for 7 years I didn’t eat meat, dairy products or sweets at all. Dairy products clog the lymph flow, and sugar feeds cancer cells. You can’t write about this in a few words, but I can briefly say that according to research, the brain considers impulses coming from cancer cells as an impulse from a hematoma (bruise) or wound and begins to treat them, feed them with glucose, which leads to healing and resorption of wounds and hematomas , and in the case of cancer - to the growth of cancer cells... Therefore, sugar, milk and meat of all types must be excluded. Focus on vegetables, preferably red ones, apples, carrots and cabbage. Again, you need to do everything individually, listen to your body and your well-being. And find vegetables that are as clean as possible and in no way modified.”

“I take it every day, sometimes under severe stress, up to eight times a day, a coffee spoon. And I just pour it on my tongue and wash it down with water.”

“I advise you to take bicarbonate of soda twice a day every day. For pain in the epigastric region (tension in the solar plexus), baking soda is indispensable. And in general, soda is the most beneficial remedy, it protects against all kinds of diseases, starting from cancer, but you need to accustom yourself to take it every day without skipping ... "

“To ease diabetes, take soda...”

“The dose of soda for a boy (diabetic at 11 years old) is a quarter of a teaspoon four times a day.”

“Constipation is treated in various ways, overlooking the simplest and most natural one, namely: simple baking soda with warm water. In this case, the metal sodium acts. Soda is given for widespread use by people. But they don’t know about this and often use harmful and irritating medications... Soda is good because it does not cause intestinal irritation.”

“This is an amazing protective remedy against many serious diseases, in particular cancer. I heard about a case of healing an old external cancer by covering it with soda. When we remember that soda is included as the main ingredient in the composition of our blood, its beneficial effect becomes clear.”

“One English doctor... used simple soda for all sorts of inflammatory and cold diseases, including pneumonia. Moreover, he gave it in fairly large doses, almost a teaspoon up to four times a day in a glass of water. Of course, the English teaspoon is smaller than our Russian one«.

“If you haven’t taken soda yet, then start in small doses, half a coffee spoon twice a day. Gradually it will be possible to increase this dose. Personally, I take two to three full coffee spoons daily. For pain in the solar plexus and heaviness in the stomach, I take much more. But you should always start with small doses.”


In addition:

The healing and beneficial properties of baking soda.

Everyone has a substance called baking soda in their kitchen. It is also called drinking water and is used for adding to baked goods, washing dishes, eliminating unpleasant odors - for example, it is very good to wash the refrigerator with soda. Soda is an alkaline compound that chemists call sodium bicarbonate and most people know that it can be used as a remedy for many diseases.

1.Soda for heartburn

The most common use of baking soda is to relieve heartburn. Soda neutralizes in the stomach hydrochloric acid, and has a quick effect, which doctors call antacid - heartburn goes away; but let's talk about this in a little more detail.
Hydrochloric acid is indeed neutralized by soda, but at the same time carbon dioxide is released, which has a stimulating effect on the gastric mucosa and stimulates the release of gastrin, a hormone that increases the secretion of gastric juice, changing the motility of the stomach and intestines, as well as their tone.
If you often use soda for heartburn (and many people do this), then its excess will begin to be absorbed into the blood, and the acid-base balance will be disrupted - alkalization of the blood will begin. Therefore, it is better to use special medications, but it is even better to consult a doctor to find out the cause of heartburn - soda (1 tsp per 1/3 glass of water) should only be used as an “ambulance”.

2. Soda for the throat. Gargling with soda

Another common way to use baking soda is for sore throats, colds, to treat infections of the oral mucosa, as an expectorant, etc.
Treating a soda throat is very simple: stir ½ tsp in a glass of water. soda, and gargle with this solution; repeat every 3-4 hours, alternating with other means. Soda neutralizes the effect of acids formed in the throat during sore throat, pharyngitis and other diseases, and therefore pain and inflammation go away.

3. Soda for colds.

Soda inhalation is also a well-known remedy for colds. If you have a runny nose, bring a glass of water to a boil in a small kettle and add 1 tsp to it. soda, then take a tube of very thick paper, and put one end of it on the spout of the kettle, and insert the other end alternately into one nostril, then into the other - in total, breathe in this steam for about 15-20 minutes.
You can use a soda solution as nasal drops for a runny nose: boiled water - 2 tsp, soda - on the tip of a knife; drop into the nose 2-3 times a day.
Soda also helps with the removal of viscous sputum: you should drink it on an empty stomach, 2 times a day, ½ cup warm water, dissolving in it a pinch of salt and ½ tsp. soda - however, you should not treat this for a long time either.
You can soften a cough with hot milk and soda. Soda (1 tsp) should be diluted directly in boiling milk, cool slightly and drink at night.
A hot mixture of soda and mashed potatoes treats bronchitis in children and adults. Potatoes (several pieces) must be boiled in their skins, and immediately, while hot, mash them, adding soda (3 tsp), then quickly make 2 flat cakes, wrap them in towels and place one on the chest, and the other on the back, between the shoulder blades. The flatbreads should be hot, but not scalding. After this, you need to wrap the patient warmly and put him to bed. Remove the cakes when they have cooled, wipe the patient dry and change into dry clothes.

4. Soda for thrush.

You can treat soda and thrush - a disease known to almost every woman; men and children can also get sick, although few people know about it. Doctors call thrush candidiasis, or candida vulvovaginitis - this infection is caused by yeast fungi of the genus Candida.
In about half of the cases, soda helps in the treatment of thrush: the soda solution is an alkali, and fungi die in an alkaline environment - the structure of their cells is destroyed.

5.Treating thrush with soda has its pros and cons.

Pros: It's cheap and relatively safe compared to more aggressive treatments. There are probably more downsides. First of all, soda helps, as already mentioned, only in 50% of cases; the second disadvantage is that you need to douche regularly and very often. Some doctors believe that 2 times a day is enough (1 tsp per liter of boiled water), while others suggest doing this every hour, and not stopping such treatment for 2 weeks - otherwise you may not even start.
You can treat with soda, but today there are a lot of different drugs for the treatment of thrush - you should consult a doctor, and he will choose what is most suitable - you should hardly self-medicate. In any case, you will have to turn to specialists: after all, thrush is not just an infection, but fungi that normally live in the genital tract, and they cause the disease only under favorable conditions for its development. These may be hormonal disorders in the body; the effects of medications, including hormones and antibiotics; diabetes mellitus and thyroid diseases; weakened immunity and many other reasons.

6. Soda for acne.

In treating a problem such as acne, you can achieve greater success using baking soda, and this procedure is not as troublesome as treating thrush.
There are many options for treating acne with baking soda.
For example, you can dissolve sugar and soda (1 tsp each) in a glass of boiling water, moisten a cotton pad with the resulting solution, and thoroughly but carefully wipe your face with it, paying more attention to problem areas; then you need to wash your face with laundry soap, slightly warm water, and lubricate the skin of problem areas with butter. After an hour, wash again with warm water, but without soap.
You can immediately use baking soda with soap - many people describe this method as good. You need to grate the soap on a fine grater, steam your face - bend over the steam, covering yourself with a thick towel, and, lightly massaging, wipe the skin with a cotton pad, pouring soap and soda on it; wash your face with slightly warm water - just do this once a week, and on other days wipe your face with lemon ice cubes.

7.Soda in folk medicine.

Soda is used for medicinal purposes for many other diseases. For insect bites - midges and mosquitoes, you need to apply soda paste on a piece of gauze to the bite site: the itching will go away quickly, and the redness will gradually disappear.

1. You can use soda to prevent caries: you need to rinse your mouth with its solution several times a day, or brush your teeth with soda, as you used to brush them with tooth powder. Soda does not damage the enamel, but it neutralizes the acids formed in the mouth and polishes the teeth, preventing their destruction.

2.You can get rid of bad breath by rinsing your mouth with a solution of baking soda and hydrogen peroxide. Add soda (1 tbsp) to a glass with a peroxide solution (2-3%) and rinse your mouth. Of course, you should find out the cause of bad breath, and not constantly mask it with soda rinses: perhaps the smell is caused by a serious illness, so it is better to undergo a full examination.

3. Baths and compresses with herbs and soda help with rheumatism. For a therapeutic bath, you need to brew herbs - chamomile, sage, oregano (1 tbsp each) with boiling water (1 l) and leave for an hour. Then strain, add 400 g of soda to the infusion and pour the solution into a bath of water - the water temperature should not be higher than 40°C - add a few drops essential oils lavender and rosemary. The bath is taken at night, for 20-25 minutes; after it they immediately go to bed, wrapped in a woolen scarf.

4.In order to make a compress, you need to pour soda on a fresh cabbage leaf and apply it to the sore spot. Cover the top with film and a warm scarf, and go to bed - keep for 2 hours. It is better not to go outside immediately after the compress. Therapeutic soda baths are useful for psoriasis, dry dermatitis and simply dry skin on the body. 35 g of soda, 20 g of magnesium carbonate and 15 g of magnesium perborate are added to the bath - at first the water should be just warm, then its temperature is gradually increased to 39 ° C; take a bath for 15 minutes.

5. For swelling of the legs, dissolve 5 tbsp. soda in 5 liters of warm water, add a decoction of mint and sage (1 glass), and take a foot bath for 20-25 minutes.
Since soda solves many cosmetic problems - it is even used to make lotions for newborns if they have diaper rash - it can be used for skin and hair care. To combat oily dandruff, rub a solution of soda - 1 tsp - into the scalp before washing. soda per glass of water.
Soda - quite effective remedy treatment, and helps alleviate and treat many diseases, but you should not rely on this method of treatment in complex cases: home remedies often help us, but it is still better not to take risks, but to contact specialists.

Information from open sources.

Unexpected benefits of baking soda discovered

Researchers from the Medical College of Georgia (USA) found that drinking baking soda reduces inflammation in autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. This was reported on the MedicalXpress portal.

Doctors have proven that baking soda helps produce more stomach acid, which aids digestion by killing pathogenic cells. Doctors also suggest that drinking soda reduces the load on the spleen, which does not prepare a protective immune response. Thus, the number of M1 macrophages, immune cells that provoke inflammatory reactions, decreases, and the number of anti-inflammatory M2 cells increases. This observation was confirmed by experiments on mice that consumed a soda solution.

Baking soda has a similar effect on the kidneys. One of the authors of the study, physiologist Paul O'Connor, noted that with kidney disease, the blood can become highly oxidized, which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. An antacid slows down this process.

“Clinical trials have shown that a daily dose of baking soda can not only reduce oxidation, but even slow the progression of kidney disease,” O’Connor noted.

You're wandering around the supermarket, looking for phosphate-free washing powder. Naturally, in order to find out which product from the whole arsenal of household chemicals is right for you, pick up each package with the required classification and look at the composition of the product it contains. Finally, we chose a suitable product, but in the process of studying all the washing powders in the store, we noticed a strange pattern: on each box or pack there was something written like: “The product contains sodium carbonate.” Every person has a little bit of curiosity in them, and you are no exception. I wanted to know what this substance was, didn’t I? Today's article will add some information about this compound to your knowledge.

Definition

Sodium carbonate (formula Na 2 CO 3) is the sodium salt of carbonic acid. IN different sources it can be called differently: sodium carbonate, disodium trioxocarbonate, and soda ash. By the way, about the last name. The chemical compound currently being discussed in pure form- This is not the baking soda that is added to various products. Its name is sodium bicarbonate. Substances with the presence of sodium carbonate (and sodium carbonate itself) are called soda. The exception is caustic soda, the scientific name of which is the hydroxide of the metal of the same name. However, sodium bicarbonate reacts with this substance to form the compound now discussed. All other sodas are carbonate itself with water or hydrogen in one formula. Today, the properties, production and use of only pure sodium salt of carbonic acid are considered.

Sodium carbonate: physical properties

This substance in an anhydrous state has the appearance of a colorless crystalline powder (photo above). The structure of its crystal lattice depends on the ambient temperature: if the latter is not less than 350, but below 479 o C, then it is monoclinic, if the temperature is higher, it is hexagonal.

Sodium carbonate: chemical properties

If you lower it into a strong acid, the carbon obtained during the reaction and is extremely unstable will decompose into gaseous tetravalent carbon oxide and water. The second product of the reaction is the sodium salt of the corresponding acid (for example, when throwing crystals of the carbonate now discussed into sulfuric acid, carbon dioxide, water, and sodium sulfate will be obtained). In water, this compound will hydrolyze, due to which the neutral environment becomes alkaline

Receipt

It can be obtained in several ways, all of them are different, but this article will talk about only one. You need to mix chalk and charcoal with sodium sulfate, and then bake this mixture at a temperature of about 1000 o C. Coal will reduce the latter to sulfide, which, when reacting with calcium carbonate, forms a melt of calcium sulfide and the desired substance. It must be treated with water, then filter out the unnecessary sulfide and evaporate the resulting solution. The resulting crude sodium carbonate is purified by recrystallization and then dehydrated by calcination. This method called the Leblanc method.

Application

Industries producing glass, washing powders, soaps and enamels cannot do without sodium carbonate, where it is used to obtain ultramarine. It is also used to remove water hardness, degrease metals and carry out desulfation, the object of which is blast furnace cast iron. Sodium carbonate is a good oxidizing agent and acidity regulator; it is found in dishwashing detergents, cigarettes and pesticides. It is also known as E500 food additive, which prevents ingredients from clumping and caking. The substance now discussed is also necessary to prepare photographic developer.

Conclusion

This is what sodium carbonate is good for. Many people may have never encountered it in its pure form, but its crystalline hydrates (these are all sodas except caustic soda) are used by humans almost everywhere. This is one of the substances whose compounds with water are used in industry much more often than they themselves in their pure form.

Chemical formula
Technical soda ash (sodium carbonate), white powder or granules. Na 2 CO 3 .

Physical properties
a hygroscopic product, in air it absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide to form the acid salt NaHCO 3, when stored in outdoors caking. Aqueous solutions of soda ash have a highly alkaline reaction. They produce soda ash grade A (granulated) and grade B (powdered).

• The high quality of soda ash was awarded the Platinum Quality Mark in 2004.
• Soda ash was awarded a diploma and a silver medal at the competition “Best Products of Household Chemicals, Hygiene and Cosmetics 2004.”
• Laureate of the republican competition “Best Products of Bashkortostan” and the competition “100 best products Russia" 2004

Specification

	Grade A			Brand B
	Top grade	First grade	Second grade	Top grade	First grade	Second grade
Mass fraction of sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3),%, not less	99,4	99,0	98,5	99,4	99,0	99,0
Mass fraction of sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3) in terms of uncalcined product, %, not less	98,7	98,2	97,0	98,9	98,2	97,5
Mass fraction of loss on ignition (at 270 – 300 °C), %, no more	0,7	0,8	1,5	0,5	0,8	1,5
Mass fraction of chlorides in terms of NaCl, %, no more	0,2	0,5	0,8	0,4	0,5	0,8
Mass fraction of iron in terms of Fe 2 O 3,%, no more	0,003	0,005	0,008	0,003	0,003	0,008
Mass fraction of substances insoluble in water, %, no more	0,04	0,04	0,08	0,03	0,04	0,08
Mass fraction of sulfates in terms of Na 2 SO 4,%, no more	0,04	0,05	Not standardized	0,04	0,05	Not standardized
Bulk density, g/cm 3, not less	1,1	0,9	0,9	Not standardized
Granulometric composition:
residue on a sieve with mesh No. 2K according to GOST 6613, %, no more	Not standardized	5	5	Not standardized
passing through a sieve with mesh No. 1.25K according to GOST 6613, %	100	Not standardized		Not standardized
residue on a sieve with mesh No. 1K according to GOST 6613, %, no more		Not standardized		Not standardized
passing through a sieve with mesh No. 01K according to GOST 6613, %, no more	7	15	25	Not standardized
Magnetic inclusions larger than 0.25 mm	None	Not standardized		Not standardized

Scope of application of soda ash

Soda ash grades A and B is used in the production of all types of glass, including: crystal, optical and medical glass, glass blocks, foam glass, soluble sodium silicate, ceramic tiles, frit component for glazes; ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy: for the production of lead, zinc, tungsten, strontium, chromium, for desulfurization and dephosphation of cast iron, in the purification of exhaust gases, for neutralization of media. For the production of electric vacuum glass, soda ash grade A is used premium with a strictly standardized granulometric composition. Soda ash grade B is used in the chemical industry for the production of synthetic detergents and fatty acids, in the purification of brines, in the production of phosphorus, chromium, barium, sodium salts as carbonate-containing raw materials, in the production of glycerols, allyl alcohol; pulp and paper, aniline-dye and paint and varnish and oil industries.

Packaging, transportation, storage

Soda ash is packaged in paper bags weighing 50 kg, soft specialized disposable containers weighing 800 kg (grade A) and 500 kg (grade B). Soda ash is transported in bulk - in soda carriers and hoppers, packed in soft specialized containers is transported by rail to gondola cars and covered cars. Soda ash, packed in bags, is transported by any type of transport, protecting the product from moisture. The guaranteed shelf life of soda ash grade A is 3 months, grade B is 6 months, packaged in soft specialized containers is 5 years from the date of manufacture.

Soda ash

Soda ash– a hygroscopic product that cakes when stored in the open air, and absorbs carbon dioxide and moisture in air. Used in the food and chemical industries.

Soda ash grade “A” is used in the production of all types of glass. Brand "B" - only in the chemical industry.

Chemical formula soda ash– Na 2 CO 3 . Product safety: soda ash is explosion- and fireproof, and in terms of the degree of impact on the human body, it belongs to substances of the 3rd hazard class.

Soda ash technical brand And they are packaged in soft disposable containers, in five-layer paper bags. Baked soda can be transported by any means of transport, only in closed vehicles. The “B” grade product is transported in special transport in bulk or covered wagons. Soft containers are transported only in covered wagons. Technical soda ash is stored in special bunkers and warehouses, protected from moisture. Soda ash grade “A” is stored for 3 months, grade “B” for 6 months, and soda that is packaged in soft containers for 5 years.

Basic safety precautions when working with soda ash: inhalation of dust causes irritation of the respiratory tract and conjunctivitis. A concentrated solution that accidentally gets into the eyes can lead to neurosis, burns, and clouding of the cornea if you work with the solution for a long time. The solution is very caustic when wet. It is advisable to use a respirator, goggles, and protective suit when working. If the solution does get on the skin, remove the substance with a swab and rinse the affected area under running water. Apply drops of 30% albucide solution to the eyes and apply tetracycline ointment to the skin. If it enters the body, rinse the stomach with a tube.

This article provides information about the various aspects of baking soda, which is a popular household ingredient used for a variety of purposes. Baking soda has many uses and is used primarily for cooking purposes. It is chemically known as sodium bicarbonate, or more accurately its IUPAC name is known as sodium bicarbonate. It is represented by the chemical formula nahco3. So what is baking soda? Well, baking soda is essentially a white crystalline sodium salt, and it usually appears in powder form.

Chemical Formula

Baking soda or baking powder and various chemical names like sodium bicarbonate (na2co3), baking soda, sodium bicarbonate (nahco 3), etc. It is also called sodium bicarbonate, or simply soda. Its main chemical formula is nahco3 and it is prepared industrially by Solvay.

In this process, chemicals such as calcium carbonate (caco3), sodium chloride (NaCl), ammonia (NH3), carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) are used. They react to various steps to produce the main product. The reaction occurs in two stages:

Step #1: Reaction with aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and carbon dioxide (CO2) -

CO2 + 2 NaOH in → Na2co3 + H2O

Step#2: Adding more carbon dioxide in the above reaction -

Na2co3 + CO2 + H2O → 2NaHCO3

Chemical reaction of baking soda in water

The nahco3 intake consists of two ions, sodium ions (cations) na+ and bicarbonate ions (anions) HCO3-. Explained below is the way sodium bicarbonate dissolves in water by breaking into two ions.

Reception nahco3 → H+(aq) + HCO3-(a)

Thermal decomposition of soda

The chemical formula of any compound gives us a broad understanding of the various chemical reactions and properties of that compound. It is clear that if we spread the mixture using thermal energy, we can get the connection with which it is prepared. Presented below is the reaction of this process at 70°C.

2 nahco3 by → Na2co3 + H2O + CO2

As a rule of thumb, one can recall that most hydroxides in general, follow the above decomposition reactions. When heated further, around 100°C, the hydroxides decompose into the corresponding oxides.

Na2co3 → amount of na2o (sodium oxide) + CO2

Uses

Baking soda is widely used in industrial and household products. Sodium bicarbonate is used as a medicine for stomach and acid gas, by mixing in appropriate quantities in various preparations. In cases of kidney and uric acid, sodium bicarbonate is used to treat urine related problems. Sodium bicarbonate solution is considered intravenous in cases of acidosis. Sodium bicarbonate in required quantities is added along with the appropriate concentration of hydrogen peroxide solution, and serves as an alternative to toothpastes.

The most popular way of using baking soda in our homes is for cleaning and whitening purposes. Sodium bicarbonate is widely used for baking purposes. It is also used as a chemical leavening agent, which helps dough rise when baked. However, adding too much of this powder to the dough results in a bitter taste, and therefore care must be taken about the appropriate amount of baking powder to be used.

Making a light paste of baking soda and water and then applying them to the acne affected skin area helps get rid of acne within 2 to 3 days. All you have to do is continuously apply the paste, and leave it to dry for 10 - 20 minutes. The various chemical and physical properties of baking soda can be broken down to an understanding of its formula, which contains elements and metals with different properties.

What sodium bicarbonate is, also known as bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, or simply drinking or baking soda, is known to many from school chemistry lessons. Baking soda is an acidic sodium salt of carbonic acid. In chemistry, the formula of baking soda is defined as NaHCO 3.

Chemical composition of sodium bicarbonate

Like any product used in nutrition, baking soda has nutritional value, which is determined by the amount of proteins, minerals, carbohydrates and macronutrients. The composition of baking soda is determined by the following indicators per 100 g of edible part:

• ash - 36.9 g;
• water - 0.2 g;
• sodium - 27.4 g;
• selenium - 0.2 mcg.

Sodium bicarbonate does not contain proteins, fats, carbohydrates and dietary fiber, and its calorie content is 0 kcal. The density of soda is 2.16 g/cm3.

The chemical formula of soda NaHCO 3 is the acidic sodium salt of carbonic acid, which according to international atomic masses is 84.00 a.u.

If you react soda with acids, then the chemical formula of baking soda will decompose into carbon dioxide and water and will first have the formula for the formation of salt and carbonic acid - NaHCO 3 + HCl → NaCl + H 2 CO 3, and then H 2 CO 3 → H 2 O + CO 2 .

In domestic conditions, acetic acid is more often used, the reaction with which produces sodium acetate - NaHCO 3 + CH 3 COOH → CH 3 COONa + H 2 O + CO 2

During thermal reactions under the influence of temperatures from 60 degrees, bicarbonate breaks down into sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and water. Boiling point - 851°C, melting point - 270°C.

Alkaline properties of soda

Baking soda is an alkali, this statement has its own evidence base. Solutions of all chemical substances are determined by the pH value, which characterizes the acidity or alkalinity of the environment.

If the solution has a pH of 6 or lower, it is acidic. Substances whose solutions have a pH of 8 or higher are alkaline.

In a neutral environment (for example, clean water), the pH is 7. A baking soda solution has a pH of 9, i.e. is a weak alkali and is able to neutralize the properties of strong acids that are dangerous to the human body.

The formula of baking soda contains elements that characterize it as a soft alkali that does not have an aggressive effect on the soft tissues of the body, therefore, very often the alkalizing properties of this product are used for therapeutic and preventive purposes to improve the health of the body.

Introduced back in Soviet times State standard and the technical conditions of sodium bicarbonate provide for its production in accordance with the standard technological regulations established back in 1976. These requirements include established methods of analysis, security, acceptance and storage. Previously, GOST was indicated - baking soda under the number 2156-76, which was used in the pharmacological, chemical, light, food industries, non-ferrous metallurgy, as well as the national economy. At present, the standards of this GOST have not been revised.

According to the physicochemical components, soda should have the following indicators for 1st and P grades:

Appearance	White crystalline powder, odorless
Mass fraction of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), %, not less	99,5	99,0
Mass fraction of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), %, no more	0,4	0,7
Mass fraction of chlorides in terms of NaCl, %, no more	0,02	0,04
Mass fraction of arsenic (As), %, no more	Stands the test
Mass fraction of water-insoluble substances, %, no more	Stands the test
Mass fraction of iron (Fe2+), %, no more	0,001	0,005
Mass fraction of calcium (Ca2+), %, no more	0,04	0,05
Mass fraction of sulfates in terms of SO42-, %, no more	0,02	0,02
Mass fraction of moisture, %, no more	0,1	0,2

In this GOST, the shelf life of baking soda was limited to 12 months. In modern production, baking soda has no time limits. The main condition is its proper storage.

Baking Soda Safety Requirements

The chemical composition of baking soda demonstrates it as non-toxic, but explosive and flammable. According to the degree of impact on the human body, it has a third class of danger. In the air of the work area permissible norm sodium bicarbonate in the air 5 mg/m 3.

The chemical formula of soda, as well as its composition, indicate that under the influence of certain temperatures it can be flammable and explosive. When heated, the containers in which it is stored may explode. When heated, soda can decompose into toxic gases, and if its dust is constantly present in a room, a person may experience irritation of the respiratory tract. People who work in production where there is a large amount of baking soda must take precautions and use personal protective equipment.

In the event of a fire, in accordance with GOST, it is necessary:

1. Take the carriage to a safe place. Isolate the dangerous zone within a radius of at least 100 m. Adjust the specified distance based on the results of chemical reconnaissance. Remove strangers. Follow the measures fire safety. No smoking. Provide first aid to the injured.
2. Do not touch spilled or spilled substances. Do not allow the substance to enter water bodies, basements, or sewers.
3. Enter the accident area wearing protective clothing and a breathing mask. Extinguish with air-mechanical foam from a long distance.
4. Cover with sand or other inert material. Burn the area (individual outbreaks) if there is a threat of contact with groundwater. Call specialists for neutralization.
5. Call an ambulance. Fresh air, peace, warmth, clean clothes. Rinse eyes and mucous membranes with water for at least 15 minutes.

How to store and transport soda

For quantitative cargo transportation, baking soda is packaged for safety in multilayer paper bags up to 50 kg, as well as in disposable containers with a polyethylene layer. For retail sales, soda is packaged in cardboard boxes or dense polyethylene packages weighing up to 1 kg. Sodium bicarbonate is transported by various modes of transport, except air.

How is sodium bicarbonate produced?

In nature, baking soda (a broad group of soda minerals) is mined from dried soda lakes or ponds. Due to the high concentration of soda and salts, minerals fall ashore in the form of crystalline snowdrifts. Sometimes when lakes dry out, they form entire layers covered with sandy sediments. After some time, such a layer may again appear above the surface of the earth, which makes it possible to obtain soda raw materials from it. There are several types of minerals from which soda can be obtained. The most common raw material for producing soda is the mineral tron, which, before receiving finished product undergoes a thorough cleaning, heating and crushing process to get rid of unwanted gases.

The raw materials for producing soda are natural mineral formations that contain sodium carbonate. Raw soda has a different chemical composition, which contains both useful and harmful components. There are 2 known groups of raw materials. The first includes:

• rocks with minerals;
• sodium carbonates and bicarbonates - trona, natron, nahkolin, thermonatrite, dawsonite, geylussite, shorshit;
• soda-type groundwater with a high content of sodium carbonate.

The second type includes variants of soda deposits in which there are deposits of natron, trona, and halite. Soda, which is extracted naturally from brine and dried lakes in Kenya, Tanzania, Bolivia, Mexico and other countries. In addition, the mineral for producing soda is obtained from dawsonite deposits, which were formed during the catagenesis of sandy-clayey rocks under the influence of soda waters.

In the Soviet Union, due to low profitability, the extraction of natural soda by leaching was discontinued in 1971. The most common was the open and shaft method. In the mines, sodium bicarbonate was dissolved by leaching, and then the solution was pumped to the surface.

Today, soda is produced industrially using the ammonia-chloride method, in which carbon dioxide is passed into a sodium chloride concentrate saturated with ammonia. In the process of such synthesis, reactions begin, as a result of which sodium bicarbonate is separated by filtration, and the processed products (ammonia) are returned to production.

Commonly used baking soda, the chemical formula of which is NaHCO 3, is currently obtained not by purifying soda naturally, but by chemical means.

Crystals of natural salts are also grown in the laboratory. Purification of sodium bicarbonate is carried out in two ways - wet and dry. General process is a carbonization reaction - the saturation of a solution with carbon dioxide, as a result of which the process of recrystallization occurs, and the methods differ only in the method of preparing the solution.

Modern consumers of sodium bicarbonate - baking soda can see it in products as a food additive E500.

Soda ash, the formula of which has been known since ancient times, has long been used in many areas. Many housewives use it at home. After all, soda ash is a natural and safe detergent.

formula and composition

About 20 years ago, every home had a package of this amazing product. What is soda ash? The formula of this substance is Na2CO3. Essentially, it is sodium. This substance is a mixture of small and large white crystals.

It is worth noting that the powder absorbs moisture from the environment. As a result, soda ash quickly cakes. Therefore, it is recommended to store this substance in a closed container, as well as in areas where it is not very high level humidity.

In industry, there is a GOST for this substance. Soda ash is produced in accordance with document 5100 85, which was adopted back in Soviet times. However, GOST is still in effect. According to this technology, the substance is divided into several grades: A and B. According to the mass content of certain chemical elements these compositions are different. This allows each brand to be used in a separate industry.

How do you get this remedy?

The production of soda ash involves complex chemical processes. It is worth noting that this substance exists in nature in its pure form, and this discovery was made at the beginning of the 19th century. It was originally obtained from the ash obtained from burning coastal plants, as well as from some algae. Of course, humanity has evolved, and new technologies have developed along with it. In addition, a large location of this substance was discovered.

At the moment, soda ash, the formula of which is indicated above, is produced in several ways, such as:

1. Obtained from a natural substance.
2. Ammonia method.
3. Obtained from nepheline raw materials.
4. Carbonization

Obtained from natural raw materials

This method of making soda ash is a new industrial sector. It appeared relatively recently, but has become the main competitor for those who extract this substance using the ammonia method.

It is worth noting that the method has been known for a long time. However, it was only at the beginning of the 20th century that it was put into practice. The beginning for rapid development this direction was the discovery of the richest deposits of soda (trona) in the USA.

The method for producing soda ash from natural raw materials is based on the processing of lyes and brine, which are formed when soda deposits are dissolved. It is worth noting that in addition to sodium carbonate, in most cases it is possible to isolate other components that are part of the starting substances.

Leblanc method

This is another equally popular method that allows you to obtain a substance such as soda ash. The composition of this substance is quite simple, and it is easy to isolate from other substances. This method is based on smelting a mixture of coal in rotary kilns. The temperature in them can reach 1000°C. As a result of this process, a soda alloy is formed - this is raw soda. After this, the substance is leached with water. This is required to extract soda from a soda solution.

The resulting solution should settle well. Then the lye is purified, the moisture is evaporated from it, calcined - calcined, and then crushed into powder. Typically, limestone, chalk and salt are used to make soda.

Useful properties

GOST “Soda ash” 5100 85 has not changed for many decades. Thanks to the developed production technology, this substance has unique properties. Soda ash is used not only in industry, but also in everyday life. Among all useful qualities This composition is worth highlighting:

1. Ability to remove old dirt, paint, and grease stains well.
2. Cleans sinks, tiles, porcelain, enamel and ceramics well.
3. Cope with almost any blockages in pipes.
4. Softens water.
5. Removes even old stains from clothes.
6. Allows you to overcome garden pests.
7. Disinfects well.

The harm of soda

Soda ash, technical soda, has not only advantages. This substance also has some disadvantages. Of course, it cannot be said that the composition can cause any harm. It won't be right. Rather, improper use of soda ash can lead to some side effects. As a result, negative reviews about the product appear.

Most often, there is non-compliance with precautions and dosages. Soda ash solution is an aggressive substance. Errors in dosages, as well as violations of the process of use, can be harmful to human health. Therefore, when working with the substance, you should remember safety rules. In addition, do not forget that soda ash is not suitable for all materials.

Precautions

What properties does soda ash have? The composition of a substance indicates its safety. Therefore, soda ash is often used in everyday life. This substance is distinguished by its white color and crystalline structure. Baking soda solution has a strongly alkaline effect. However, the substance itself is considered explosion- and fireproof. But due to human activities, it is classified as third class.

Soda ash, technical - it is chemical active composition. When working with this substance, safety rules must be followed. If soda gets on the mucous membrane, it can cause severe tissue irritation. In some cases, even burns occur. If the substance comes into contact with the skin or eyes, it is recommended to rinse thoroughly. clean water affected area.

Do not forget that soda ash absorbs moisture. As a result of its combination with water, an aggressive solution is formed. Therefore, it is not recommended to use soda ash in rooms where there is high air humidity.

Industrial Applications

Soda ash is often used in industry. The characteristics and properties of this substance allow it to be used in many industries. Some production processes are very difficult to imagine without the participation of this component. The main areas of application of soda ash in industry include:

This substance is simply irreplaceable. Soda ash is even used in the production of medicines. It is used here as a cleaning agent, an element for the synthesis of other chemical components, and so on.

Can it be used at home?

Soda ash is used by many housewives at home. As stated above, this substance is an excellent cleanser and detergent. Soda ash can clean almost any surface from grease. And all thanks to its unique properties. In addition, it is a relatively cheap analogue of many modern brands of household chemicals. The effectiveness of soda ash has been proven over the years. In addition, the substance is safe and natural.

This composition is often used for washing, to remove scale and grease. Soda ash is simply irreplaceable in everyday life. In addition, it can be added to washing powder when washing. This will protect your equipment from scale.

Pest Control

Soda ash is also used in everyday life to combat garden pests. To do this, prepare a simple solution. A bucket of clean water requires no more than 6 teaspoons of soda ash. The finished composition can be used to treat grape vines. This product protects plants from gray rot. It is worth noting that this solution is suitable for treating fruit plants. The product does not cause any harm, but allows you to protect plants from caterpillars and other pests.

In addition, the solution can be used to process cucumbers, zucchini, melons and cabbage. However, you should not get carried away with soda ash. Excessive amounts harm the soil. Which, in turn, can greatly affect the future harvest.

In conclusion

Soda ash is a unique chemical compound that has been used by humanity for many years not only in many industries, but also in everyday life. If you follow all safety rules, the use of this substance does not pose any harm to health. Soda ash is no more dangerous than vinegar. But it can also harm our body if used incorrectly.

Hardly anyone thought about the fact that soda ash is used in the production of many things that surround us. In addition, it is made from natural raw materials. Many cleaning products, washing powders and other expensive household chemicals that are sold at high prices are a soda ash solution that has been modified and diluted with certain additives.

Baking soda, or drinking soda, is a compound widely known in medicine, cooking, and household consumption. This is an acidic salt, the molecule of which is formed by positively charged sodium and hydrogen ions, and the anion of the acidic residue of carbonic acid. The chemical name of soda is sodium bicarbonate or sodium bicarbonate. Formula of the compound according to the Hill system: CHNaO 3 (gross formula).

The difference between sour salt and medium salt

Carbonic acid forms two groups of salts - carbonates (medium) and bicarbonates (acidic). The trivial name for carbonates - soda - appeared in ancient times. It is necessary to distinguish between medium and acid salts by names, formulas and properties.
Na 2 CO 3 - sodium carbonate, disodium carbonic acid, calcined washing soda. Serves as a raw material for the production of glass, paper, soap, and is used as a detergent.

NaHCO 3 - sodium bicarbonate. The composition suggests that the substance is a monosodium salt of carbonic acid. This compound is distinguished by the presence of two different positive ions - Na + and H +. Externally, the crystalline white substances are similar, they are difficult to distinguish from each other.

The substance NaHCO 3 is considered baking soda not because it is used internally to quench thirst. Although this substance can be used to prepare a fizzy drink. A solution of this bicarbonate is taken orally in case of increased acidity of gastric juice. In this case, the excess H + protons are neutralized, which irritate the walls of the stomach, causing pain and burning.

Physical properties of baking soda

Bicarbonate is white monoclinic crystals. This compound contains atoms of sodium (Na), hydrogen (H), carbon (C) and oxygen. The density of the substance is 2.16 g/cm3. Melting point - 50-60 °C. Sodium bicarbonate is a milky-white powder, a solid, fine-crystalline compound, soluble in water. Baking soda does not burn, and when heated above 70 ° C, it decomposes into sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and water. In production conditions, granulated bicarbonate is more often used.

Safety of baking soda for humans

The compound is odorless and its taste is bitter and salty. However, it is not recommended to smell or taste the substance. Inhaling sodium bicarbonate may cause sneezing and coughing. One use is based on baking soda's ability to neutralize odors. The powder can be used to treat sports shoes to get rid of unpleasant odors.

Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) is a harmless substance in contact with skin, but in solid form it can cause irritation to the mucous membrane of the eyes and esophagus. In low concentrations, the solution is non-toxic and can be taken orally.

Sodium bicarbonate: compound formula

The gross formula CHNaO 3 is rarely found in equations of chemical reactions. The fact is that it does not reflect the connection between the particles that form sodium bicarbonate. The formula commonly used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of a substance is NaHCO 3 . The relative arrangement of atoms is reflected by the ball-and-stick model of the molecule:

If you find out from the periodic table the atomic masses of sodium, oxygen, carbon and hydrogen. then you can calculate the molar mass of the substance sodium bicarbonate (formula NaHCO 3):
Ar(Na) - 23;
Ar(O) - 16;
Ar(C) - 12;
Ar(H) - 1;
M (CHNaO 3) = 84 g/mol.

Structure of matter

Sodium bicarbonate is an ionic compound. Included crystal lattice includes the sodium cation Na +, which replaces one hydrogen atom in carbonic acid. The composition and charge of the anion is HCO 3 -. Upon dissolution, partial dissociation occurs into ions that form sodium bicarbonate. Formula reflecting structural features, looks like this:

Solubility of baking soda in water

7.8 g of sodium bicarbonate dissolves in 100 g of water. The substance undergoes hydrolysis:
NaHCO 3 = Na + + HCO 3 - ;
H 2 O ↔ H + + OH - ;
When summing up the equations, it turns out that hydroxide ions accumulate in the solution (weakly alkaline reaction). The liquid stains phenolphthalein pink. The color of universal indicators in the form of paper strips in a soda solution changes from yellow-orange to gray or blue.

Exchange reaction with other salts

An aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate enters into ion exchange reactions with other salts, provided that one of the newly formed substances is insoluble; or a gas is formed, which is removed from the reaction sphere. When interacting with calcium chloride, as shown in the diagram below, both a white precipitate of calcium carbonate and carbon dioxide are obtained. Sodium and chlorine ions remain in the solution. Molecular equation of the reaction:

Interaction of baking soda with acids

Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids. The ion exchange reaction is accompanied by the formation of salt and weak carbonic acid. At the moment of receipt, it decomposes into water and carbon dioxide (evaporates).

The walls of the human stomach produce hydrochloric acid, which exists in the form of ions
H + and Cl - . If you take sodium bicarbonate orally, reactions occur in a solution of gastric juice with the participation of ions:
NaHCO 3 = Na + + HCO 3 - ;
HCl = H + + Cl - ;
H 2 O ↔ H+ + OH -;
HCO 3 - + H + = H 2 O + CO 2.
Doctors do not recommend constantly using sodium bicarbonate in case of increased stomach acidity. The instructions for the medications list various side effects of daily and long-term use of baking soda:

• increased blood pressure;
• belching, nausea and vomiting;
• anxiety, poor sleep;
• decreased appetite;
• stomach ache.

Getting Baking Soda

In the laboratory, sodium bicarbonate can be obtained from soda ash. The same method was used previously in chemical production. The modern industrial method is based on the interaction of ammonia with carbon dioxide and the poor solubility of baking soda in cold water. Ammonia and carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) are passed through the sodium chloride solution. Ammonium chloride and sodium bicarbonate solution are formed. When cooled, the solubility of baking soda decreases, then the substance is easily separated by filtration.

Where is sodium bicarbonate used? Use of baking soda in medicine

Many people know that sodium metal atoms vigorously interact with water, even its vapor in the air. The reaction begins actively and is accompanied by the release of a large amount of heat (combustion). Unlike atoms, sodium ions are stable particles that do not harm a living organism. On the contrary, they take an active part in regulating its functions.

How is a substance, sodium bicarbonate, which is non-toxic to humans and useful in many respects, used? Application is based on physical and chemical properties baking soda. The most important areas are household consumption, food industry, healthcare, traditional medicine, and beverages.

Among the main properties of sodium bicarbonate is the neutralization of increased acidity of gastric juice, short-term elimination of pain due to hyperacidity of gastric juice, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer. The antiseptic effect of baking soda solution is used in the treatment of sore throat, cough, intoxication, and seasickness. Wash the oral and nasal cavities and mucous membranes of the eyes with it.

Various dosage forms of sodium bicarbonate are widely used, such as powders, which are dissolved and used for infusion. Solutions are prescribed for patients to take orally, and burns are washed with acids. Sodium bicarbonate is also used to make tablets and rectal suppositories. The instructions for the drugs contain detailed description pharmacological action, indications. The list of contraindications is very short - individual intolerance to the substance.

Using baking soda at home

Sodium bicarbonate is " ambulance» for heartburn and poisoning. Using baking soda at home, you can whiten your teeth, reduce inflammation during acne, and wipe the skin to remove excess oily secretions. Sodium bicarbonate softens water and helps clean dirt from various surfaces.

When hand washing wool knitwear, you can add baking soda to the water. This substance refreshes the color of fabric and removes the smell of sweat. Often, when ironing silk products, yellow marks from the iron appear. In this case, a paste of baking soda and water will help. The substances must be mixed as quickly as possible and applied to the stain. When the paste dries, it should be cleaned with a brush and the product should be rinsed in cold water.

In the reaction with acetic acid, sodium acetate is obtained and carbon dioxide is rapidly released, foaming the entire mass: NaHCO 3 + CH 3 COOH = Na + + CH 3 COO - + H 2 O + CO 2. This process occurs whenever, in the manufacture of fizzy drinks and confectionery, baking soda is “quenched” with vinegar.

The taste of baked goods will be more delicate if you use lemon juice rather than store-bought synthetic vinegar. As a last resort, you can replace it with a mixture of 1/2 tsp. citric acid powder and 1 tbsp. l. water. Baking soda with acid is added to the dough as one of the last ingredients so that you can immediately put the baked goods in the oven. In addition to sodium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate is sometimes used as a leavening agent.

DEFINITION

Soda- the trivial name for sodium carbonate (sodium carbonate) - the sodium salt of carbonic acid.

Formula – Na 2 CO 3. Molar mass – 106 g/mol.

Chemical properties of soda

In an aqueous solution, sodium carbonate hydrolyzes, as evidenced by the presence of an alkaline environment:

CO 3 2- + H 2 O ↔ HCO 3 - + OH - .

Sodium carbonate is thermally unstable and, when heated, decomposes into its constituent oxides:

Na 2 CO 3 = Na 2 O + CO 2.

When carbon dioxide is passed through a saturated aqueous solution of sodium carbonate during heating, the formation of an average salt of carbonic acid - sodium bicarbonate:

Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O + CO 2 = 2NaHCO 3.

Sodium carbonate dissolves in dilute acid solutions to form new salts and carbonic acid, which immediately decomposes into carbon dioxide and water, i.e. stronger acids are able to displace sodium from carbonate:

Na 2 CO 3 +2HCl dilute = 2NaCl +CO 2 + H 2 O;

Na 2 CO 3 +2HF dilute = 2NaF +CO 2 + H 2 O;

3Na 2 CO 3(conc) +2H 3 PO 4dilute = 2Na 3 PO 4 +3CO 2 + 3H 2 O (boiling);

Sodium carbonate reacts with saturated alkali solutions of active metals (Ca, Sr, Ba) to form insoluble carbonates of these metals:

Na 2 CO 3 + Me(OH) 2 = MeCO 3 ↓ + 2NaOH (Me = Ca, Sr, Ba).

Sodium carbonate reacts with simple substances– non-metals such as halogens and carbon:

3Na 2 CO 3 (conc) + 3Hal 2 = 5NaHal + NaHalO 3 + 3CO 2 ;

Na 2 CO 3 + 2C = 2Na + 3CO (t).

When passed through a sodium carbonate solution sulfur dioxide sodium sulfite is formed:

Na 2 CO 3 + SO 2 = Na 2 SO 3 + CO 2.

Physical properties of soda

Anhydrous sodium carbonate is a white crystalline powder. Melting point 852C. Very soluble in water, insoluble in acetone, carbon disulfide, slightly soluble in ethanol, highly soluble in glycerin.

Getting soda

Previously, sodium carbonate was obtained from natural sources (algae). Now, mainly from natural sodium sulfate according to the reaction:

Na 2 SO 4 + 3C + 2O 2 = 2Na 2 CO 3 + CO 2 + 2SO 2;

CaCO 3 + C + Na 2 SO 4 = Na 2 CO 3 + 4CO + CaS.

Application of soda

Sodium carbonate is widely used in the production of glass, soap and various detergents and cleaning products, and serves as a raw material for the production of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen phosphate and other substances. In the food industry it is used as an acidity regulator and a leavening agent that prevents caking and caking (E500).

Examples of problem solving

EXAMPLE 1

Exercise	How much crystalline soda will be required to completely neutralize 196 g of sulfuric acid?
Solution	Crystalline soda is an aqueous hydrate, i.e. molecule of the composition Na 2 CO 3 ×10H 2 O. Let us write the equation for the reaction of neutralization of sulfuric acid with crystalline soda: Na 2 CO 3 ×10H 2 O + H 2 SO 4 = Na 2 SO 4 + CO 2 + 10H 2 O. The molar mass of crystalline soda is calculated as the sum of the molar masses of sodium carbonate and 10 water molecules. It is equal to – 286 g/mol. The molar mass of sulfuric acid is 98 g/mol. According to the reaction equation, the amount of substance of crystalline soda is 1 mol, the amount of substance is 1 mol. Consequently, the theoretical masses of these substances are 286 and 98 g, respectively. Let us denote the desired mass (practical) as x. Let's make a proportion: x g Na 2 CO 3 ×10H 2 O – 196 g H 2 SO 4; 286 g Na 2 CO 3 × 10H 2 O – 98 g H 2 SO 4. Then x = 286×196/98 = 572. Therefore, the mass of crystalline soda is 572 g.
Answer	The mass of crystalline soda is 572 g.