In the process of arranging a sewer system, many owners prefer to install a septic tank for a private home with their own hands. The design of the drainage system is relatively simple. However, there are a number of nuances that you need to know. Next, we’ll figure it out for a private house with our own hands.

General information

A septic tank for a private home is one or more containers in which sewage waste is treated. A home-made system will certainly cost several times less than installing a ready-made structure by a manufacturer or a company involved in direct installation. The owner of a country property can install a sealed storage tank. A septic tank for a private home can be equipped with a filter field, which will fully purify household wastewater and then absorb it into the soil.

Features of containers

In accordance with the previous understanding, a septic tank for a private house is a storage tank for storing wastewater and its subsequent removal using a sewer truck. The design of modern systems makes it possible to purify sewage water by discharging it into the soil, without harm to environment. You can make your own waste container from a variety of materials. In particular, many people install a septic tank for a private home using wheels with their own hands (a photo of such a system is presented in the article).

The essence of the work

To build a septic tank for a private home with your own hands, you need to know the principle of its operation. What is the essence of how systems work? There is one or more containers. Effluent from the house enters them. After this, a certain volume of insoluble compounds, settling to the bottom, undergoes fermentation. Gradually the substances dissolve in water. The clarified, settled water is fed to the aeration field for filtration. Cleaning is carried out through the ground. In the process, anaerobic destruction occurs due to the activity of bacteria, which are found in large numbers in top layer soil. This filtration makes it possible to purify about 90-95% of all household wastewater. This design is considered the simplest. It is not difficult to make such a septic tank for a private home with your own hands. The main task in design is the accurate calculation of the parameters of the future installation. Particular attention should be paid to the issue of system performance. It will largely depend on the volume of the container.

Installation dimensions

When making a septic tank for a private house with your own hands without pumping, it is necessary to take into account the average volume of wastewater generated during the life of the inhabitants of the home for 3 days. There is no need to consider deep cleaning stations, in which calculations are made per day. To obtain volume, width, depth and other parameters, average data should be used. In particular, a person leaves about 200 liters of wastewater per day. This value includes liquid waste from the kitchen, toilet, and bathroom. The result is approximately 200 liters. As mentioned above, the calculation is made for three days: 200 x 3 = 600 liters. This should be approximately the installation volume per person. Next, the value is multiplied by the number of residents. If the value is not an integer, then it is better to round it up. You can also estimate the volume of wastewater using a meter.

Design

Before building a septic tank for a private home with your own hands from wheels or other material, it is advisable to draw a drawing. You can take as a basis simple design. Subsequently, with minor amendments, you can do it yourself for a private house, taking into account the parameters for a specific family. The design includes the camera itself. You can make a septic tank for a private home with your own hands from concrete rings or Eurocubes. The container can also be a pit, the walls of which are lined with some material. In particular, some owners build a septic tank for a private house with their own hands from brick. The design must also provide an aeration field. This is where the effluent will be filtered. The installation may include two or three cameras. The latter option has proven to be the most effective solution to the issue of arranging a sewer system.

Material

It must meet existing safety requirements, be strong, durable, and reliable. The material must effectively cope with the assigned tasks. You can make a septic tank for a private home with your own hands from waste containers. A variety of building materials are also used in the construction.

How to build a septic tank for a private house with your own hands from rings?

The depth of the pit in this case, as a rule, is no more than four meters. This is especially important if you are installing a do-it-yourself septic tank for a private home with high level groundwater. The structure must be on optimal depth. The construction will require 4-5 standard size concrete rings. Their height is a little more than a meter. The diameter of the rings can be different - within 700-2000 mm. When calculating the future structure, the parameters of the elements are taken into account. Each ring weighs 600 kilograms or more. A crane may be required during installation. You can get the job done without using technology. However, rolling the rings alone is problematic. In any case, you will need extra hands. The first ring is installed on the end in the area where the septic tank will be located, and they begin to dig. The work should be carried out very carefully. It is better to have at least one other person nearby.

After the upper end is leveled with the ground, the second ring is installed. Digging of the pit continues. To prevent the rings from moving apart, they are tied with reinforcement. It is welded from the inside to the elements. It is also possible to provide special holding spacers. They will prevent elements from moving. After the pit is dug, all seams between the rings are sealed with cement mortar. Reliable protection against their penetration into the well should be provided. The bottom is cemented and closed waterproofing material. It is also laid along the walls of the container. You can leave one well. It will be a storage tank. Periodically it will be necessary to pump out the drainage from it. You can complicate the design and equip the terminals with

Container made from Eurocubes

This design is simpler than the one described above. Cubic containers today can be purchased without much difficulty in specialized stores. The Eurocube is a large sealed container. It is excellent for septic tanks. It only needs to be done for the future treatment plant. When creating a two-chamber septic tank, it is also necessary to equip overflows. After this, the containers are connected with reinforcement and installed in a pre-dug pit. Such home-made installations must be periodically cleaned of accumulated sediment. Full filtration will be carried out in the case of additional discharge of clarified runoff to the aeration field.

Installation location

When arranging the system, it is important to accurately maintain the distance between the drainage field, container and other objects. As mentioned above, it is necessary to take into account the level and movement of groundwater if there is a well or well on the site. The container itself can be located near the building. Provided that the septic tank is sealed, it is enough to maintain a distance of 5 meters. If a system with an aeration field is installed, then more stringent requirements must be observed. In particular, a septic tank is installed no closer than 30 meters from an open reservoir, 50 meters from a water supply source. Also, the container should be located as far as possible from the residential building itself in order to avoid destruction of the foundation under the influence high humidity from the soil. In general, septic tanks are located in such a way as to minimize the cost of laying pipes and reduce the likelihood of violation of established standards during operation.

Installation

Usually it comes down to carrying out a complex earthworks. In particular, trenches and pits are dug. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the soil, its quality characteristics, groundwater level. All these points can have a great impact on the quality of wastewater treatment in the future. For example, if you build a septic tank with your own hands for a private house with a high groundwater level, then it will only act as a storage tank. The arrangement of the aeration field in this case is ineffective, unless additional backfilling and elevation are made. It will act as a filter layer. It should be noted that backfilling will be effective when installing a septic tank in clay. The only thing is that you will need to take care of the intermediate storage well and pump. The backfill is made of gravel and sand. Layer height - 500-1000 mm (the more, the better). They lay inside it drainage pipes. Soil is laid on top of the field. Such a “mountain” can become not only an aeration field, but also an element of the landscape. In this area you can plant ornamental plants. This option is considered optimal when installing a septic tank in marshy areas.

Cost of homemade installation

On average, the total price of materials used in the construction of the system is much lower than ready-made septic tanks from the manufacturer. For example, a Eurocube can be purchased for 3,000 rubles/piece, a reinforced concrete ring (depending on the size) - for 1,000-3,000 rubles/piece. The cost of hydro- and thermal insulation materials is calculated separately.

Septic tank without pumping

Such an installation will not require much labor and material costs. The costs will be even less than that of a sealed container. To build a septic tank without pumping, you need a two-chamber tank with a draining bottom and strong walls. At the first stage, a foundation pit is prepared. After it is dug, you need to arrange formwork around the perimeter inside. Inch boards are used for it. You can use unedged or used wood, since it will only be needed while pouring the sand-cement mortar. Double-sided formwork should be installed along the marked line dividing the chambers. A cast iron or plastic tee is installed in the resulting partition. Its diameter is 100 mm. The upper edge of the tee should be 20-50 mm lower than the lower edge of the drain pipe. During construction, it is necessary to take into account that the partition should be deepened to separate the drainage area of ​​chambers 1 and 2. The greater the depth, the better the soil properties. Otherwise, you’ll just end up with a single-chamber installation with a partition inside. Dividing the drainage area can be done by first digging a trench, the depth of which is 20-30 cm. You can also place double sheets of wave or flat slate in front of the partition.

Filling the walls

It is carried out in layers. Formwork of 3-4 boards is made from below and the solution is poured. It should be compacted wooden handle, thus eliminating voids in the mass. Each formwork line is poured along the entire perimeter. To reduce the consumption of the mixture, stones of various sizes are added to it. The walls of the septic tank must be strong. Next, several boards are added and poured again. The mixture is also compacted with a cutting. If there are not enough formwork boards, then a couple of days after pouring they are moved higher and work continues.

Pipeline

A ditch is dug between the septic tank and the house. A guide box for the drain pipe is installed in it. To make it, take a board 40-50 mm thick. When installed, the box should form a “window” into which the pipe will be laid. Its installation location can be in any convenient section of the wall in the first chamber - it does not have to be in the center. After this, a sand-cement mortar is poured between the soil and the formwork.

The dream of the owner of a country house is a sewer system that works without interruptions and costs a large amount of electricity. These are the qualities that a septic tank has, providing a high rate of sewage treatment. It is not always possible to purchase these mechanisms, because the cost of such structures from well-known manufacturers is quite high. But you can solve this problem by building a structure with your own hands.

Peculiarities

Several years ago, treatment facilities meant cesspools in which wastewater was accumulated and subsequently pumped out. Modern construction market offers an improved mechanism used for collecting and pumping wastewater. In private or country house, intended for permanent residence, a sewage treatment system is simply necessary.

Before you start making a septic tank with your own hands, you need to familiarize yourself with the device diagram.

1. The design consists of 2 or 3 tanks, which are connected to each other by a pipe.
2. Each container has ventilation holes.
3. The containers are equipped with tight sealed lids.
4. A filtration field in which wastewater is purified. Traditional filters are: drainage well, infiltrator.

The most effective are mechanisms consisting of 3 chambers; in this case, more thorough wastewater treatment occurs. When preparing to build even a homemade mini-septic tank, you must remember that the design of the future cleaning mechanism will include 2 chambers.

Operating principle of the treatment plant:

• the wastewater enters the receiving chamber of the mechanism (sump);
• large waste is screened out by sedimentation;
• all waste elements undergo a fermentation process through bacteria living in the treatment system;
• sewage decomposes and releases gases that escape through the vents;
• over a certain time, the polluting components dissolve in the liquid;
• At the outlet of the septic tank, a liquid flows out that is 95% purified; such water can be used for domestic and economic needs.

Due to its performance characteristics, a budget septic tank without pumping is superior to a cesspool in most respects, because it has a large number of advantages:

• high level of wastewater treatment;
• absence of unpleasant odors;
• the sealed system does not allow waste elements to enter the soil layers and does not harm the ecosystem;
• Liquid pumping is performed once a year.

The disadvantages of such a device include several features.

• Complicated design.
• Strict rules for the use of detergents.
• Bacterial activity decreases at low temperatures temperature conditions and lack of oxygen, which leads to a decrease in the level of purification. For additional ventilation, you can purchase a special aerator.

Design and preparatory work

When placing the sewer system, it is necessary to take into account the distance of the structure from residential buildings, open reservoirs, sources drinking water.

Basic sanitary and technical requirements indicated in SNIP:

• treatment facilities are allowed to be installed at a distance of 5 m from residential premises, 1 m from agricultural buildings;
• Distance from sources of drinking water (well, borehole), depending on the type of soil, can vary from 20 to 50 meters.

But it is also necessary to take into account that in order to pump out the sludge, you will need the help of a sewage disposal truck, which must pass freely to the cleaning mechanism.

For camera devices treatment plant Both ready-made containers and self-made containers are used: metal and plastic barrels, monolithic concrete structures, cubic containers.

Correctly made calculation of the amount of required building material depends on the volume of the treatment plant. Therefore, the calculation will require the amount of discharged wastewater per day. There is no need to accurately determine this value; it is enough to assume the water absorption of 150-200 liters per 1 family member. To determine the volume of the receiving compartment of the septic tank, the resulting value is multiplied by 3. If 6 people permanently live in the house, then a container with a volume of 6x200x3=3600 liters will be required.

The second compartment of the septic tank is calculated based on the parameters of the receiving chamber. If its volume receives 2/3 of the liquid of the entire size of the treatment facility, then the parameters of the post-treatment chamber are 1/3 of the volume of the mechanism.

To design a septic tank, you can use ready-made working drawings and diagrams of the device.

In most regions of Russia, the treatment plant will not freeze in winter thanks to the warm wastewater coming from the house. And also an obstacle to freezing are bacteria that actively behave in the septic tank. But the structure will still have to be deepened. The distance between the cover and the upper level of wastewater should be equal to the freezing value of the soil in winter time. At this level there is a sewer drain pipe. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account that the structure should be located below this level.

If the high groundwater level does not allow the system to be deepened below the soil freezing level, insulation must be done. The following are used as insulating materials:

1. foamed polystyrene;
2. foam;
3. expanded clay

How to do it yourself?

There are two variations of making a septic tank with your own hands.

Variation No. 1

In this case, the sewage treatment plant consists of two chambers. Pits can be of various shapes. The depth of the pit must be at least 2.5 m.

When digging a hole, it is recommended to reach a draining layer consisting of a mixture of sand and gravel. After both pits are ready, it is necessary to level and compact the walls. Next, install the internal mold for each pit (board). Both chambers are connected via a pipe. The inner area of ​​the formwork is covered plastic film. The gap between the boards and the walls of the pit is filled with a cement-sand mixture in a ratio of 1 to 3. When the concrete dries (3-5 days), the internal form of the boards is dismantled.

The incoming sewer pipe must be insulated using insulating materials (foam, glass wool).

Variation No. 2

The principle of the cleaning mechanism is similar to the previous variation. But in this case, the construction of the septic tank will be simplified: it is necessary to dig only 1 pit and divide it into 2 chambers using a concrete partition.

When making a septic tank with your own hands, you mainly use improvised materials, but not all such variations are airtight and durable structures. Mainly used building materials:

1. system from plastic containers(from Eurocube);
2. concrete rings with bottom and filter layer;
3. cleaning mechanism from car tires;
4. monolithic blocks;
5. brick;
6. iron barrels.

When choosing certain materials for making a septic tank with your own hands, you need to consider some points.

• Features of the use of the sewer system (amount of incoming wastewater).
• Depth of groundwater.
• Quality and performance characteristics of building materials.
• Construction skills and financial capabilities. Not all homeowners know how to do their own masonry, and installing a structure made of concrete rings will require the help of specialized equipment.

To determine the strengths and weaknesses of the listed building materials, let us consider in detail some of the variations.

From scrap materials

There are many available tools that can be used to make a septic tank.

Car tires

Often car tires from wheels are used to construct a wastewater treatment plant for a summer cottage without electricity. The system is designed for a small volume of wastewater. 2 pits are dug for the tires. The tires are connected to each other using clamps, and the joints are treated with sealant. The bottom of the first chamber is lined with polyethylene film; for high-quality installation, concrete is used.

The advantages of such a structure are:

• availability of building materials;
• simple installation of the structure.

Disadvantages of this design:

• freezing in winter;
• loss of shape and tightness in a fairly short period of time.

Construction from Eurocubes

To make a septic tank you will need 2 or 3 tanks. One of them has the bottom cut out to create filtration. Plastic tanks are installed in metal frame. This will protect the structure from the negative effects of the soil. Before installation, inlet and outlet tubes are inserted into the tanks and holes are made for ventilation. The joints are treated with silicone.

The recess for the tanks is dug at a slope so that the second tank is located 20 cm lower than the first. To fix the Eurocubes, concrete is poured into the bottom of the pit, to which the tanks are attached.

Advantages:

• tightness of tanks;
• easy installation;
• long service life.

Disadvantages include the fact that the installation must be secured to prevent the system from rising to the surface.

Concrete ring cleaning system

The depth of the pit should be no more than 4 meters. The structure must be installed at a sufficient depth, this is especially important for an area with a high groundwater level.

The device will require 4-5 concrete rings of standardized parameters. The height of the rings is slightly more than 1 meter. The diameter of the rings can vary from 70 to 200 centimeters. When calculating the future system, it is necessary to take into account the dimensions of the rings. The mass of one ring is 600 kg (sometimes more).

A crane is required for installation. The first ring is laid end-to-end in the area where the cleaning mechanism will be located, then you can start digging the pit. After the upper end is level with the ground, the second ring is installed. The digging of the hole continues. To prevent the rings from moving apart, they are connected using reinforcement. You can also use specialized spacers to prevent the rings from moving.

After the hole is dug, the joints of the rings and the seams are sealed with a special cement mortar. The bottom is filled with cement and covered with waterproofing building material. Waterproofing is also carried out along the walls of the tank. You can install one well, which will perform a storage function. Periodically it will be necessary to pump out wastewater.

Block device

Technology for manufacturing a two-chamber septic tank from blocks:

• a pit is dug to fit the dimensions of an autonomous sewer system with indentation on the sides (25-30 cm);
• a sand and gravel cushion is laid at the bottom of the pit, the thickness of which is 15-20 centimeters;
• a base of concrete mixture is laid;
• blocks are laid around the perimeter of the walls, which also needs to be built in the middle of the structure for the partition;
• the internal and external walls of the blocks are covered with bitumen mastic;
• a cover made of a monolithic slab with hatches is installed on top;
• ventilation and thermal insulation of the foam system is performed;
• The septic tank is backfilled with earth.

When laying blocks into the bulkhead, an overflow is installed, and on one side of the wall an entrance is made for the sewer pipe coming from the living space. On the other side, an exit is made into a drainage well or infiltrator. If the second chamber is to be equipped with a drainage part, it must be replaced monolithic slab concrete foundation, and in the middle of the container make a drainage basin from gravel and sand.

The overflow between the tanks is carried out at a depth of 50-60 centimeters from the cover of the cleaning mechanism. The input must be located lower than the output.

Sewage pipes are installed with a slope of 2-3 degrees from the residential building so that wastewater flows into the septic tank by gravity.

Making a septic tank from metal or plastic barrels

Let's consider the option of making a septic tank from 3 barrels yourself, but the principle of the equipment remains the same when making a septic tank from 2 containers.

• Making technological holes. In the first barrel there is an inlet for sewer pipes and an outlet for overflow into the second tank. In the second barrel there is an inlet for overflowing liquid from the first chamber and an outlet for the flow of waste into the next barrel.
• In the third barrel, one hole is made for the flow of wastewater from the second chamber, and when equipping a filtration field, two are made in the lower part for pipes.
• For each barrel, micro-holes are made in the upper part of the structures to create ventilation.

To fill the foundation layer, step formwork is installed. By arranging the barrels and then lowering the level, the capacity of the containers will be fully utilized. This is important if the small capacity of a septic tank of this type prevails.

After pouring the foundation, during the period of hardening of the solution, rings or hooks are installed into it to secure the containers. And also at this stage, a trench is prepared for laying pipes through which wastewater will be removed from the septic tank to the filtration field.

When the foundation has completely hardened, you can begin installing the containers and securing them. The trenches of the filter field are covered with geotextiles. The installed cleaning mechanism from the barrels is covered with earth. It is recommended to immediately fill plastic barrels with water to avoid deformation of the product.

Barrels made of metal must be treated with an anti-corrosion agent.

Made of brick

If you decide to build a cleaning mechanism from brick, then it is better to use clinker products for this purpose. They are resistant to moisture and aggressive environments. The containers can be designed as rectangular shape, and round. It is important to properly waterproof the structure. It is recommended to coat the outer walls of the tanks with specialized mastic. The backfill (the distance between the outer walls of the mechanism and the foundation pit) is made using clay. Minimum thickness the layer should be 20 cm.

A cement mixture is used to seal the inside of the septic tank. The bottom of the structure must be filled with concrete to prevent runoff from seeping into the soil layers.

Manufacturing technology:

• a cushion of sand and crushed stone is made, the bottom of the chambers is filled with concrete mixture;
• brick is laid along the perimeter of the inner part of the pit, which is connected with cement;
• in the second chamber, the bottom of the pit is not concreted, and brick products are laid on a minimum amount of cement mortar, this will allow wastewater to penetrate into the soil layers.

When constructing a cleaning mechanism, technical errors that can lead to improper functioning of the system should be taken into account.

To avoid them, you need to follow simple rules.

1. Ensure a certain slope of the sewer pipe towards the septic tank. This is necessary so that the wastewater flows by gravity.
2. Avoid sharp turns of sewer pipes, thereby preventing clogging of the system.
3. The inlet pipe must be located higher than the outlet pipe to prevent waste materials from leaving the system.
4. It is prohibited to build filter wells when groundwater levels are high. This can lead to pollution of the ecosystem.

When using a treatment facility, it is prohibited:

• throwing construction waste into the sewer system - this can lead to blockage of the first chamber of the septic tank;
• use the design for recycling polymer waste (cellophane, cigarette butts, bag, condom);
• use detergents that contain solvents, acids, alkalis, which can lead to the death of anaerobic microorganisms;
• Drain petroleum products – motor oil, gasoline, diesel fuel – into the sewer.

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Every owner of a private home is faced with the problem of arranging a sewer system. There is no escape from this. Still, I want to live with comfort and public amenities even outside the city. You can, of course, turn to specialized companies that will take on the task of constructing a sewer system. However, you will have to fork out for this. In addition, highly professional services certainly won’t come cheap.

However, you can find an option that does not require excessive spending. We are talking about the construction of a sewerage system in own plot on one's own. What will it take? Perhaps only your diligence, strength and suitable building materials.

Septic tank is the best choice

Before starting construction, every owner of a country house will be puzzled by the question: “What type of sewer system is best to build?” Just some five to ten years ago, the most common option was the most primitive cesspool. But these times are becoming a thing of the past. Now site owners are more demanding and picky. On the one hand, I want the sewer system to cope with the function of collecting and treating wastewater. On the other hand, you don’t want the sewer smell to be felt in the area, and maintaining the system wouldn’t be too difficult. Read also: "".

All these requirements are met by a septic tank. This is a type of sewerage device in which wastewater is collected in a reservoir, and if there are several chambers, it can be thoroughly cleaned. Cleaning in septic tanks usually follows the principle of aerobic processes. That is, wastewater becomes cleaner thanks to bacteria, which, in fact, “feed” on waste and organic compounds. What is important is that the water obtained as a result can be used, for example, for watering crops.

So, how to make a septic tank in a private house? This question, at first glance, seems difficult. But that's not true. The principle of building a septic tank is very simple. And you can choose one of many models of its design: from inexpensive to more advanced. It all depends on your capabilities. So, for the construction of a septic tank, you can choose old tires, bricks, and concrete rings. Or you can make it monolithic concrete structure. Let's take a closer look - how to make a septic tank in a private house?

How to make a septic tank from tires

When answering the question of how to make a septic tank yourself using only tires, you first need to decide where to get these same tires. Obviously, you can visit a couple of auto repair shops. As a rule, old, used tires can be given away for little money, or even for free (read also: " ").

And now about the steps on how to make a septic tank yourself in a private house from tires:

1. It is necessary to dig a well. Keep in mind that its diameter must be equal to the diameter of the tire plus 20 cm.
2. The depth should not be less than one and a half meters. But we’ll talk about depth in more detail below. It is worth saying that digging a relatively narrow well is inconvenient (read also: ""). Take advantage necessary tools. A bayonet shovel will help loosen and dig the ground. But it’s better to lift sections of soil with a shovel. But at the same time, experts advise, for convenience, to bend it at an angle of 70-80 degrees relative to the handle. As a result, lifting the soil to the surface from the hole will be much more convenient and convenient. By the way, if you have large-diameter tires, then you can do without such “tricks” with shovels. After all, then digging a hole will not be difficult.
3. Next, you need to take a garden drill and drill a drainage channel in the center of the bottom of the resulting well. Through it, filtered wastewater will go into the ground. At what depth such a channel needs to be made depends on the properties of the soil in your area. If it is hard and clayey, then you need to dig a drainage channel deeper. If the soil is soft, then a small hole in the ground with a drill is sufficient.
4. Now insert the pipe into the drainage channel. It's better to use plastic. After all, metal ones will quickly become unusable due to corrosion. The pipe should rise about a meter above the bottom of the well. Seal its upper hole with mesh. Otherwise, large particles will get inside the pipe, which means a blockage will quickly form. By the way, you need to make small holes along the length of the entire pipe for the passage of water. Thus, the drainage channel is ready!
5. Fill the bottom of the well with crushed stone and gravel. And only then you need to start laying the tires. However, before doing this, be sure to cut off the rubber, protruding part of the rim of each tire so that the water drains and does not stagnate in these parts of the tires.
6. Make a hole in the top tire for a sewer pipe through which wastewater will flow into the well.
7. Having carefully laid the tires, be sure to make sure that the top one rises slightly above the surface of the ground.
8. Fill the gap between the walls of the resulting well and the walls of the pit with simple crushed stone.
9. There was still a line for the lid. It can be made from plastic. It will be more reliable and durable. Finally, fill the well with soil.

Now you know how to properly build a septic tank in a private home, having simple, used tires on hand. This is quite within the capabilities of a person ignorant of construction. The main thing is your desire!

Correct location of the septic tank in a private house

If you have definitely decided that you will install a septic tank on the site, start by familiarizing yourself with a document such as SNiP 2.04.03 - 85.

Here are the basic provisions that determine where the septic tank should be located on the site:

1. The distance to the source of drinking water (well, borehole) must be at least 20 meters.
2. The distance to a residential building is at least 3 meters.
3. Also, you should not place the septic tank too close to the fence and property line. Retreat about three meters (more details: " ").
4. If the pipeline from the house to the sewer tank is too long, then be sure to install inspection wells every 12-15 meters. In case of blockages, they will help to quickly identify the problem area and carry out the necessary cleaning actions.
5. If your site is uneven and hilly, then in places where there is a difference in elevation you need to build a drop well, which will help dampen the speed of wastewater.
6. The sewer pipe to the well must go downhill. Approximately 2cm for every meter of length.

Depth and volume of the septic tank

When deciding how to make a septic tank yourself, do not forget to correctly calculate its depth and volume. So, the depth should not be more than three meters if you expect that the well will be cleaned by a sewer truck. After all, her hose is designed only for such a depth. It is also important to know how deep the soil lies in the area. groundwater.

If they are too close to the surface, then it is necessary to build a sealed septic tank. Another aspect is the depth of soil freezing. The depth of the well must be greater than this value.

Now, how to calculate the volume? Experts advise multiplying the number of people living in the house by 200 liters, this is a value that shows how much waste water flows per person per day. Keep in mind that the larger the volume of the septic tank, the less often it will have to be emptied. However, if you have a small family and small house, then a septic tank of huge volume will simply stand idle. This will have a bad effect on its condition and service life. Read also: "".

Purchased or homemade septic tank

Now you know what to make a septic tank from in a private house. And most importantly, they are familiar with the rules and regulations for its placement. But if you are not confident in your abilities and the skill of the builder, then you can turn to professionals for help. Today there are septic tanks of various types on sale, and numerous companies offer installation and installation services sewer systems. All this is good. After all, it’s still not easy to build a complex and multi-chamber septic tank on your own site.

But only septic tanks with water overflow from chamber to chamber can demonstrate a high degree of wastewater treatment. Therefore, if you do not know how to properly make a septic tank with an overflow, take advantage of the purchase already finished model. By the way, industrial septic tanks will last much longer than homemade ones. Their service and possible repairs quite affordable for any owner of a country house.

Cesspool - the simplest, but not too good option autonomous sewerage at a private house. Modern technologies offer more convenient solutions, such as local treatment stations industrial production.

A skilled builder is quite capable of making a septic tank with his own hands without pumping. What options for odorless septic tanks are popular among owners of private houses and what is required for their construction - we will consider all this in our article.

We will also give an example of assembling a septic tank from concrete rings and compare ready-made solutions offered by the market with homemade ones.

Septic tanks are sewer facilities that almost completely recycle wastewater, decomposing it into safe components.

All work on the transformation of human waste is assigned to microorganisms. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria gradually convert unappetizing sewage masses into water and activated sludge.

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If the device is insulated and properly preserved, it is not afraid of either winter frosts or spring floods. It will not float or crack, even if some of its contents freeze.

It is important, of course, to install the device correctly. During wastewater treatment, bacteria effectively eliminate the characteristic sewage odor.

The resulting water is, of course, not suitable for drinking, cooking, washing or other household needs. With a high degree of purification, it can be used to water plants on the site.

Often water is removed through a filtration well or filtration field. Water gradually enters the soil, passing through a purification system, a layer of sand and crushed stone.

The sludge that settles at the bottom of a sealed container, of course, does not go anywhere. It accumulates, as a result of which the total volume of the septic tank decreases slightly. When the amount of deposits becomes critical, the device should be cleaned using a special pump.

Cleaning a septic tank is performed much less frequently than pumping out a cesspool, and this process is usually not accompanied by a stench, since the sludge has a completely neutral odor.

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The outside of the septic tank is covered with a layer of waterproofing. Some craftsmen recommend lubricating not only the joints, but the entire container of the device

The trench for the sewer pipe leading from the house to the septic tank without pumping and odor is laid with a slight slope. At the junction of the septic tank and the pipe, a hole of suitable dimensions is made in the thickness of the concrete.

In the same way, overflow pipes are installed that connect the individual parts of the septic tank. All connections between the septic tank and pipes must be sealed and covered with a layer of waterproofing.

Instead of cement mortar, a gravel-sand filter is placed at the bottom of the last section of the septic tank. First, sand is poured and leveled, and then a layer of gravel is added.

It is also possible to use crushed stone of a suitable fraction for these purposes. The thickness of the filtration layer should be approximately 30-40 cm.

As the top cover of a septic tank made of concrete rings, a special round slab of suitable size with a sealed lid is used

After all the compartments of the septic tank are ready, you need to cover them with round concrete slabs, which can be purchased from reinforced concrete manufacturers complete with concrete rings.

These lids have holes with sealed concrete lids. All that remains is to backfill the pits, and the septic tank can be considered ready for use.

Other options for homemade septic tanks

In addition to concrete rings, other materials can be used to create a septic tank. Let's consider the most popular materials and options for manufacturing septic tanks.

Option #1 – septic tank from a Eurocube

We have already mentioned the Eurocube - a sealed plastic container.

Installing such a septic tank is relatively easy, but the low physical weight of the plastic should be taken into account. During a spring flood, groundwater can simply push a light container to the surface.

To make such a septic tank heavier, a concrete slab with metal loops. The container is fixed to these loops using a metal cable. Sometimes such a septic tank is made heavier with the help of some heavy object, which is fixed at the top of the device.

Option #2 – monolithic concrete structure

A concrete septic tank can be made using pouring. In this case, it is not necessary to make several pits; you can get by with one large structure and a rectangular configuration.

First, the bottom is concreted, then the formwork is installed and the walls of the septic tank are poured. To divide a large container into several sections, concrete walls are made inside.

To fill a concrete septic tank using a solution, you will need to build wooden formwork, in which holes are immediately made for overflow pipes

You can make a septic tank with your own hands from concrete blocks or bricks, but the masonry must be as airtight as possible.

Another option is to make. However, such material cannot provide sufficient tightness to protect the soil from untreated wastewater.

Using tires, you can only make a permeable cesspool. The service life of such a device is significantly limited, in contrast to a capital septic tank, which, when proper maintenance can last for decades.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

This video presents in detail the option of creating a two-chamber septic tank:

Of course, a homemade septic tank does not always provide the same high degree of purification as modern VOCs. But still, these structures function very successfully at relatively low costs for their installation and maintenance.

When constructing a septic tank, it is important to adhere to technical standards to prevent groundwater contamination.

Do you use a homemade septic tank without pumping? Tell us what type of structure you preferred and does your family have enough volume? How often do you clean and what steps do you take to prepare your septic tank for winter?

Leave your comments under our article - your experience of construction and operation homemade septic tank will be useful to many owners of private houses and summer cottages.

To make life at the dacha comfortable, it is necessary to carry out basic communications - water supply and sewerage. In suburban areas there is often no centralized sewerage network, so each house owner solves the problem independently. Periodic use of a home does not require the installation of expensive and complex equipment; it is enough to install a septic tank.

Often in dachas, the function of collecting wastewater is performed by a cesspool. If the house is not equipped with a plumbing system, this option is fully justified, but when installing plumbing fixtures and a large volume of drained water, it is not enough. In this article we will talk about how to make a sewer system in a country house with your own hands in various ways (from concrete rings, barrels, without pumping), and also demonstrate diagrams, drawings, photos and video instructions.

The sewerage system must be built in accordance with the developed project, which includes external and internal piping diagrams.

Two-chamber septic tank

The most convenient option is to install a collector consisting of two chambers connected by an overflow pipe. Let's find out how to arrange it yourself.

1. Work begins with digging a pit in a place chosen taking into account all sanitary requirements. The volume of the structure depends on the number of people living in the country house. You can dig a pit manually or using an excavator.
2. A sand cushion up to 15 cm high is formed at the bottom of the pit. The depth of the pit is 3 meters.
3. It is necessary to install formwork made of boards or chipboard. The design must be reliable. Next, a reinforcing belt is formed from metal rods tied with steel wire.
4. It is necessary to make two holes in the formwork and insert pipe cuttings. These will be places for the entrance of the sewer main and the overflow pipe between the sections.
5. The formwork is filled with concrete, which is distributed throughout the entire volume using a vibrating tool. The design of the septic tank must be monolithic, so it is advisable to fill the entire formwork at one time.
6. In the first compartment, the bottom is filled with concrete, a sealed section is formed, which will serve as a sump. Here the wastewater will be separated into large solid fractions that sink to the bottom, and clarified water that flows into the adjacent section. For better decomposition of solid residues, aerobic bacteria can be purchased.
7. The second compartment is made without a bottom; it can be made not only from monolithic walls, but also using concrete rings with a diameter of 1–1.5 meters, stacked on top of each other. The bottom of the well is covered with a thick layer of sedimentary rock (crushed stone, pebbles, gravel) to filter the wastewater.
8. An overflow pipe is laid between the two sections. It is installed at an angle of 30 mm on linear meter. The height of the pipe is located in the upper third of the wells. The number of sections is not necessarily limited to two; a four-section septic tank can be made, which provides better cleaning.
9. The ceiling of the septic tank is made independently, using formwork and concrete, or ready-made reinforced concrete slabs are used. Be sure to install a hatch that allows you to control the filling of sections and the hood. The pit is filled with sand and selected soil. The sump tank of such a system will be cleaned every 2–3 years.

Due to the ease of installation, many summer residents prefer to make a septic tank from concrete rings.

If the soil on the site is clayey or the groundwater is located very close to the surface, it will not be possible to install a septic tank of this design. You can settle on a sealed container of sufficient volume, securely installed and secured to concrete slab in the pit.

Another option is a biological treatment station. Local stations are convenient and efficient; they are indispensable for large suburban buildings. The installation and commissioning of the device is carried out by specialists; the cost of such a station is acceptable for a narrow circle of summer residents.

Laying the external main

From exit point sewer pipe It is necessary to lay a pipeline from the house to the septic tank. The main must lie at a slope that ensures the drainage of contaminated water. The larger the diameter of the pipes you use, the smaller the angle of inclination required for their operation, on average it is 2 degrees. The depth of the trench for laying pipes must be greater than the amount of winter freezing of the soil. If the depth of the trench is small, provide thermal insulation of the line.

The average depth for laying a sewer is 1 meter; in warm regions it is enough to go down to 70 cm, and in cold regions you will need to dig a pit up to 1.5 meters. The bottom of the dug hole is covered with a dense cushion of compacted sand. This procedure will protect the pipes from soil displacement.

The best option would be to lay a direct pipeline to the collector. If it is necessary to make a turn, this place will be equipped with an inspection well. For the highway you can use plastic and cast iron pipes with a diameter of 110 mm, their connection must be airtight. After installation, the pipeline is covered with sand and then with soil.

The design, which does not require regular pumping of wastewater, consists of several tanks operating simultaneously. These can be two/three-chamber septic tanks. The first tank is used as a sump. It is the largest in volume. IN two-chamber septic tanks the sump occupies ¾ of the structure, and ½ in three-chamber ones. Here, preliminary wastewater treatment takes place: heavy fractions settle, and light fractions are poured into the next compartment as the first one is filled. In the last part of the septic tank, the final wastewater treatment takes place. The water is then directed to the filtration fields/drainage well.

The first 2 compartments must be sealed. The last chamber has holes in the walls/bottom. In this way, purified water seeps into the ground, which helps avoid systematic pumping of waste without causing irreparable damage to the soil.

It is worth considering that in addition to organic matter, wastewater also contains insoluble impurities. In view of this, such a structure will also have to be pumped out periodically to get rid of the sediment accumulating in the sump. This can be done with a fecal/drainage pump. The frequency of septic tank maintenance depends entirely on the size/volume/composition of wastewater.

To independently construct such a septic tank, you need to correctly calculate its volume. It depends on the water consumption of your household. The water consumption rate per person is 200 liters per day. So, multiplying this amount by the number of household members, you get daily norm water consumption in the house. Add another 20% to the resulting figure.

18 m3. In this case, you need a septic tank that has a depth and length of 3 m, and a width of 2 m. By multiplying all sides, you get 18 m 3. Minimum distance from the bottom of the septic tank to the drain pipe - 0.8 m.

The advantage of the treatment system is that the sludge is recycled anaerobic bacteria, as a result of which it settles to the bottom in a much smaller volume. Gradually this sediment becomes denser and rises. When the sludge reaches the overflow level, the septic tank must be cleaned immediately. You should resort to cleaning a septic tank quite rarely. This is due to the fact that the volume of sludge in 6 months will be from 60 to 90 liters.

Volatile septic tanks have built-in pumping units. Their non-volatile analogues should be cleaned manually or using sewer equipment.

However, not so long ago, biological products with special enzymes appeared that convert sludge into acid, and then into methane and carbon dioxide. To remove these gases, you just need to install ventilation in the septic tank. Thus, your septic tank will become an absolutely waste-free, safe and energy-independent treatment facility.

Bacteria need to be “fed” with oxygen to make them work more efficiently. You can buy containers for a septic tank or make your own.

Before installing the finished septic tank structure, it is necessary to determine a suitable location for this. The minimum distance between the septic tank and the house is 5 m. The sewer pipes leaving the house must be directed directly to the septic tank. It is better to avoid turning the pipeline, because it is in such places that blockages form.

The septic tank should not be installed near trees, as their roots can damage the integrity of the body. The depth of the septic tank and sewer pipes directly depends on the level of soil freezing.

If groundwater is close to the surface, then reinforce the bottom of the pit with a concrete slab/screed. The dimensions of the pit will depend on the size of the septic tank. If you have to install a compact structure, then it is easier to dig a pit manually in order to save money.

The pit should be slightly wider than the septic tank body. The gaps between the walls and the ground should be at least 20 cm, and preferably more. If there is no need to strengthen the bottom, then you should still lay a sand cushion 15 cm thick (meaning the thickness of compacted sand).

The top of the septic tank should rise above the ground. Otherwise melt water in the spring the device's equipment will be flooded.

After constructing the base of the pit, lower the septic tank into it. This can be done using cables placed in the ribs of the septic tank. In this matter you cannot do without an assistant. Next, connect the device to the communications, having previously dug trenches for the pipes, laid a sand cushion and installed the pipes. They should be laid at a slight slope - 1–2 cm per linear meter. The pipes are laid to a depth of approximately 70–80 cm.

The septic tank should be installed strictly according to the level. It will work better in a horizontal position.

To connect the sewer pipe to the septic tank, a hole of the appropriate diameter should be made in it. This is done according to the instructions for the cleaning system. After this, you need to weld the pipe to the hole. To solve this problem you will need a polypropylene cord and a hair dryer. When the pipe has cooled down, you can insert a sewer pipe into it.

If you are connecting a volatile septic tank, then after these steps you need to connect the electrical cable. It is carried out from the panel to a separate machine. It needs to be placed in a special corrugated pipe and place in the same trench as the sewer pipe. There is a septic tank special holes with stamps. The cable is connected to them.

If the level of soil freezing in your region is high enough, then insulate the septic tank. Any type of insulation can be used thermal insulation material, which can be used for laying in the ground.

After connecting the electricity and pipes, the septic tank should be filled with soil. This is done in layers of 15–20 cm. To equalize the pressure during the process of filling the soil, you need to pour water into the septic tank. In this case, the water level should be slightly higher than the level of backfilling of the pit. So, gradually the entire septic tank will be underground.

If you are not satisfied with a ready-made plastic autonomous system for wastewater treatment, due to its size or cost, then you can make a septic tank from several compartments yourself. Great inexpensive material to implement the plan - concrete rings. You can do all the work yourself.

Among the advantages of a septic tank made of reinforced concrete rings, we note the following:

• Affordable price.
• Unpretentiousness during operation.
• Possibility of performing work without the help of specialists.

The following disadvantages deserve attention:

1. Presence unpleasant odor. It is impossible to make the structure completely airtight, and therefore the formation of an unpleasant odor near the septic tank cannot be avoided.
2. The need to clean the chambers of solid waste using sewer equipment.

You can reduce the frequency of the need to pump out the septic tank if you use bioactivators. They reduce the amount of solid fractions by accelerating the process of their decomposition.

If the installation of the rings is not carried out correctly, the septic tank will be leaky, which will increase the risk of untreated wastewater penetrating into the ground. But, with proper installation, the septic tank will be sealed, so this disadvantage of the system is rightly called conditional.

The design of a septic tank, as a rule, includes 1–2 chambers designed for settling and purifying wastewater and a filtration field/filter well.

If there are few people living in your house and a minimum of plumbing fixtures are connected to the sewer system, then you can easily get by with a septic tank consisting of one septic tank and a filter well. And vice versa, if you have a lot of household members and many devices are connected to the sewer system, then it is better to make a septic tank from two chambers and a filtration well.

How to calculate the required volume for a septic tank has already been described above. According to building codes, the septic tank chamber must accommodate a three-day volume of wastewater. The volume of the reinforced concrete ring is 0.62 m3, which means that to build a septic tank for 5 people you will need a septic tank of five rings. Where did this amount come from? For 5 people you need a septic tank with a volume of 3 m3. This figure must be divided by the volume of the ring, equal to 0.62 m 3. You will get a value of 4.83. It needs to be rounded up, which means that to install a septic tank in this particular case you will need 5 rings.

The pit must be of such a size that it can accommodate septic tank chambers and a filter well. This work, of course, can be done manually, but it is time-consuming and very difficult, so it is more cost-effective to order pit digging from a company with excavation equipment.

The bottom of the pit at the site where the settling chambers are installed must be concreted in order to avoid the possibility of untreated wastewater penetrating into the ground. Before you start concrete works, part of the bottom of the pit should be drained to install settling tanks by laying a sand cushion on it in a layer of 30–50 cm.

If you do not want to concrete the bottom, then you can purchase reinforced concrete rings with a solid bottom. They will need to be installed first in a vertical row.

The place for the filter well also requires preparation of the base. Under it you need to make a cushion of sand, crushed stone and gravel at least 50 cm thick.

To install the rings, you will have to order the services of lifting equipment. Performing these tasks manually is very difficult. You can, of course, install the rings by digging under the bottom ring. But this method is labor-intensive. And the bottom will have to be filled after installing the last ring, which will entail a number of inconveniences. In view of this, it is better not to save on ordering lifting equipment.

Usually the rings are fastened together with mortar, but for greater structural reliability they can be fastened with metal plates or staples. In this case, your septic tank will not be damaged due to soil movement.

Now it’s time to organize an overflow, and for this you need to connect pipes to the rings. It is better that they work on the principle of a water seal, that is, they need to be installed with a bend.

To seal the joints you need to use a solution with an aqua barrier. The outside of the tanks must be treated with coating or weld-on waterproofing.

Another option is to purchase plastic cylinders that are installed inside the well. In this case, the likelihood of dirty water entering will be minimized.

Installation of ceilings/backfill

Finished wells must be covered with special concrete slabs, which have holes for installing sewer hatches. Ideally, backfilling of the pit should be done with soil containing a high percentage of sand. But if this is not possible, the pit can be filled with soil previously removed from it.

Now the septic tank can be put into operation.

The system for treating wastewater from barrels, like a similar structure made of reinforced concrete, can be two- or three-chamber. Wastewater will flow into it by gravity, so it must be installed below the sewer pipes. The operating principle of this device is similar to the design of reinforced concrete rings.

To set up an autonomous sewerage system based on the principle of a treatment system, you can use any containers. These could be old metal/plastic barrels. The main thing is that they are airtight.

If you decide to make a septic tank from metal barrels, then they should be pre-treated with an anti-corrosion agent.

Plastic containers have a number of advantages over their metal counterparts:

1. A wide range of plastic containers that can be used to equip a septic tank.
2. The barrels are highly resistant to the aggressive effects of wastewater. Therefore, they last longer than their metal counterparts.
3. The light weight of the containers simplifies their installation at a permanent location.
4. Plastic does not require additional processing, unlike metal.
5. The high tightness of the barrels eliminates the possibility of penetration dirty waters into the ground.

Plastic barrels must be securely fastened when installed in the ground, because due to spring floods or winter frosts they can be squeezed out of the ground. In view of this, plastic barrels are attached with cables to concrete base(it must first be poured or a reinforced concrete slab installed). To avoid crushing plastic barrels, backfilling of soil should be done extremely carefully.

For seasonal use, sewerage from metal barrels is also suitable, but for stationary use this is not an option.

The popularity of metal containers for sewerage installations is associated with their compactness and ease of installation. Can be used as a lid of the appropriate size wooden blank or the one provided by the manufacturer. To install a metal septic tank, you need to dig a corresponding pit, which also needs to be concreted - the walls and bottom.

Metal containers do not have a long service life even after they are treated with anti-corrosion compounds. Therefore, installing them as a septic tank may be unprofitable. Buying stainless steel containers is not an option, as these products are very expensive.

Maybe you decide that in this case you can buy barrels with thin walls. However, this is also not best solution, since during operation such a septic tank can be pushed out. And such barrels have a limited capacity - up to 250 liters, which is not suitable for a large family.

For installation reliable system It is better to use factory-made polymer barrels for wastewater treatment.

To make a septic tank from 220 liter barrels, you will need the following materials:

• geotextiles – 80 m2;
• sewer pipe Ø110 m, length 5 m;
• crushed stone fraction 1.8–3.5 cm, approximately 9 m3;
• corner for sewerage at an angle of 45 and 90º – 4 pcs.;
• plastic barrel with a volume of 220 l – 2 pcs.;
• coupling, flange – 2 pcs.;
• wooden peg – 10 pcs.;
• Y-shaped sewer tee – 4 pcs.;
• building level;
• drainage perforated pipe in the filter 5 m – 2 pcs.;
• epoxy two-component sealant – 1 pc.;
• glue for PVC – 1 pc.;
• plumbing tape – 1 pc.

Tools you will need:

• Shovel.
• Electric jigsaw.
• Rake.

For a dacha/small country house, if used sparingly, standard plastic barrels are suitable. Installing such a cleaning system is not difficult. If you do not pour black waste into the sewer, the septic tank will be unpretentious in maintenance. If there is a toilet in the house, then the sewer will have to be cleaned regularly by calling a sewer service.

For private houses permanent residence there won't be enough barrels. For sewerage, it is better to purchase plastic cubes/tanks/tanks. The process of installing them in the ground is no different from installing barrels.

The distance of the septic tank from the house should not exceed 15 m. Too much distance will complicate the process of connecting the sewerage system to the house:

• there is a need for a large depth of the pipeline;
• On the way to the septic tank you will need to install an inspection well.

A sewage system made from metal barrels does not require large financial investments and complex work on installation. To begin with, as in previous cases, you need to prepare a pit, and then install 2 barrels, each of which has a volume of at least 200 liters. Then pipes are installed to transfer liquid from one barrel to another and transfer to the filtration fields/drainage well.

Each subsequent container must be located below the previous one in level.

The joints must be sealed, and the barrels must be insulated using polystyrene foam. After this, the pit and septic tank are filled up. Since, as mentioned above, metal barrels do not last long, you need to be prepared for the fact that after 3-4 years they will need to be replaced.

Pipe laying

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