In frame-panel buildings with an incomplete transverse frame, the beams of the outer spans rest at one end on the columns of the internal rows, and at the other end - on external longitudinal load-bearing elements reinforced in the support areas of the beams panel walls(see Fig. 3.3 d) and load-bearing elements of floor slabs or slab panels are laid on these beams.

In the case of an incomplete longitudinal frame, the beams are supported on the columns of the internal rows, and the floor elements in the form of flooring slabs or slab panels are supported on the internal side by the longitudinal beams, and on the other side by the external longitudinal load-bearing panel walls. In case of incomplete frames, columnar foundations are installed under the columns, and prefabricated strip foundations or pile foundations or solid foundations are installed under the external load-bearing walls: common or separate for columns and walls.

With a complete beamless frame (see Fig. 3.3 d), the floor elements in the form of slabs-panels are supported: with reinforced corners on the ends of the columns (resulting in the formation of a platform joint between column elements adjacent in height (Fig. 4.3 A) or on the console of the columns ( Fig. 4.14), arranged along the perimeter of the columns in the form of consoles-collars (an option for a hidden joint between slab-panels and columns and a possible contact joint between adjacent elements of the columns). In addition, the floor elements in the form of slab-panels can be supported on cutouts in the upper ones. the supporting ends of the column elements, forming a combined joint between the column elements (Fig. 4.15).

Rice. 4.14. A variant of the unit for supporting floor slabs on the collar consoles of columns of an incomplete beamless frame.

Rice. 4.15. A variant of a unit for supporting floor slabs on cutouts in the upper supporting ends of the column elements.

With an incomplete beamless frame (see Fig. 3.3 e), the floor elements in the form of slab panels are supported inside the building on columns in the same way as with a complete beamless frame, and in the extreme spans - on external longitudinal load-bearing panel walls. Inside buildings with beamless frames, floor slabs, in addition to columns, are also supported by diaphragm walls at their locations.

In Fig. 4.16 A, 4.16 B, 4.16 C and 4.16 D show options for plans for the first and standard floors, foundations, floors and roofs of a 9-story frame-panel residential building with an incomplete beamless frame.

Rice. 4.16 A. Plan of the first floor of a 9-story residential building with an incomplete beamless frame.

Rice. 4.16 B. Typical floor plan of a 9-story residential building with an incomplete beamless frame.

Rice. 4.16 B. Foundation plan for a 9-story residential building with an incomplete beamless frame.

Rice. 4.16 D. Floor plan of a 9-story residential building with an incomplete beamless frame.

Rice. 4.16 D. Roof plan of a 9-story residential building with an incomplete beamless frame.

4.5. Coatings in large-panel and frame-panel housing construction

Coatings in large panels residential buildings they are constructed with low-slope attics (slope up to 5%) from prefabricated reinforced concrete elements. In this case, the coverings can be with a cold or warm attic (Fig. 4.17) or with a combined (“open”) warm-cold attic (Fig. 4.18), and the roofing of the coverings is made of rolls, rollless or mastic. In coatings with a combined warm-cold attic, the insulation laid on the attic floor must be protected from below and above with a vapor barrier.

The load-bearing elements of attic coverings are solid smooth, ribbed or corrugated slabs and drainage tray panels, which are laid on external and internal walls located above the attic floor. Depending on the design solution and additional functions performed, coating slabs can be single-layer or multi-layer. Instead of internal walls in the attic volume there are large panel houses Supporting elements can be installed on load-bearing walls, for example, in the form of prefabricated reinforced concrete frames or other similar structures.

In Fig. 4.19 A and 4.19 B show options for diagrams, sections and joints of rolled roofing and other covering elements with a cold attic, and in Fig. 4.20 A and 4.20 B - the same elements, but without roll roofing. Accordingly, in Fig. 4.21 A and 4.21 B and 4.22 A and 4.22 B options are shown constructive solutions coverings with a warm attic.

Rice. 4.17. Structural solutions for reinforced concrete coverings with a cold and warm attic: A – with a cold attic and roll roofing; B – the same with a roll-free roof; B – with a warm attic and roll roofing; G – the same with roll-free roofing; 1 – support element; 2 – panel attic floor; 3 – insulation; 4 – roofing ribbed covering panel; 5 – rolled carpet; 6 – drainage tray panel; 7 – support frame; 8 – protective layer; 9 – vapor barrier; 10 – roofing material; 11 – façade supporting element; 12 – roll-free reinforced concrete covering panel; 13 – waterproofing layer made of mastic or painting materials; 14 – U-shaped cover plate; 15 – drainage funnel; 16 – ventilation unit (shaft); 17 – intra-attic head ventilation unit; 18 – lightweight concrete thermal insulation panel; 19 – elevator machine room; 20 – lightweight concrete drainage tray panel; 21 – two-layer roof covering panel; 22 – pan for collecting condensate.

Rice. 4.18. Schematic diagram constructive solution for a reinforced concrete roof with a combined (open) “warm-cold” attic with a roll roof: 1 – exhaust shaft; 2 – tray for collecting condensate; 3 – intra-attic head of the ventilation unit.

Rice. 4.19 A. Option for a constructive solution for a roof with a cold attic and a roll roof: A – diagram of the roof plan; 1 – ventilation blocks; 2 – drainage funnel; 3 – attic floor; 4 – fascia panel; 5 – thrust element of the fascia panel; 6 – insulation; 7 – support frame; 8 – tray panel; 9 – ribbed reinforced concrete covering panel; 10 – roofing carpet; 11 – additional roofing carpet; 12 – protective apron made of roofing steel; 13 – insulation made of mineral wool mats.

Rice. 4.19 B. Options for connecting the roof structures with a cold attic and roll roofing (to Fig. 4.19.A): A – solution option for a cornice unit with a lattice fencing; B – the same with the parapet; 1 – fascia panel; 2 – cement mortar; 3 – anchor release; 4 – roofing spikes with a pitch of 600 mm, fitted with dowels; 5 – roofing steel; 6 – fence post; 7 – additional layers of roofing carpet; 8 – main roofing carpet; 9 – ribbed reinforced concrete covering panel; 10 – concrete side stone; 11 – protective apron made of roofing steel; 12 – sliding strip made of rolled material; 13 – mineral wool insulation; 14 – strip of rolled material glued to one of the covering panels; 15 – support frame; 16 – embedded part; 17 – connecting element; 18 – tray panel; 19 – drainage funnel; 20 – sealing mastic; 21 – drainage funnel pipe.

Rice. 4.20 A. Option for a constructive solution for a roof with a cold attic and a roll-free roof: A – diagram of the roof plan; 1 – covering panel; 2 – drainage funnel; 3 – ventilation unit; 4 – attic floor; 5 – thrust element of the fascia panel; 6 – tray panel; 7 – U-shaped cover plate; 8 – insulation; 9 – support frame; 10 – cement mortar; 11 – sealant; 12 – head of the ventilation unit.

Fig. 4.20 B. Options for interfaces between roof structures with a cold attic and roll-free roofing (to Fig. 4.20 A): A and B – options for roof fencing structures; G and D – options for design solutions for expansion joints; 1 – covering panel; 2 – anchor release; 3 – fence post; 4 – U-shaped cover plate; 5 – mastic or painting waterproofing; 6 – cement mortar; 7 – fascia panel; 8 – sealant; 9 – roofing spikes with a pitch of 600 mm; 10 – roofing steel; 11 – protective apron made of roofing steel; 12 – embedded part; 13 – connecting element; 14 – tray panel; 15 – drainage funnel; 16 – sealing gasket made of porous rubber around the perimeter of the drain pipe; 17 – funnel clamp; 18 – insulation made of mineral wool mats; 19 – drain pipe of the drainage funnel; 20 – insulating mastic; 21 – hairpin; 22 – metal washer; 23 – steel strip every 600 mm; 24 – compensator made of roofing steel; 25 – internal wall panels attic.

Rice. 4.21 A. Option for a constructive solution for a roof with a warm attic and a roll roof: A – diagram of the roof plan; 1 – exhaust shaft; 2 – drainage funnel; 3 – thrust element of the fascia panel; 4 – fascia panel; 5 – lightweight concrete covering panel; 6 – tray panel; 7 – support frame; 8 – ventilation pipe of the garbage chute; 9 – insulation; 10 – roofing carpet; 11 – sliding strip; 12 – cement mortar.

Rice. 4.21 B. Options for connecting the roofing structures with a warm attic and roll roofing (to Fig. 4.21 A): A – solution option for a cornice unit with lattice fencing; B – the same with the parapet; 1 – fascia panel; 2 – insulation; 3 – anchor outlet; 4 – roofing spikes with a pitch of 600 mm; 5 – roofing steel; 6 – fence post; 7 – three additional layers of roofing roll material; 8 – roofing carpet; 9 – concrete side stone; 10 – cement mortar; 11 – protective apron made of roofing steel; 12 – lightweight concrete covering panel; 13 – sliding strip made of rolled material; 14 – support frame; 15 – tray panel; 16 – two additional layers of roofing made of mastics reinforced with glass fabric or fiberglass mesh; 17 – filling with bitumen mastic; 18 – drainage funnel; 19 – jet straightener; 20 – sleeve made of asbestos-cement pipe Ø 150 mm; 21 – rubber gasket; 22 – clamping clamp; 23 – drain pipe of the drainage funnel; 24 – filling with sealing mastic; 25 – ventilation shaft; 26 – tow soaked in hot bitumen; 27 – umbrella made of roofing steel; 28 – steel pipe with flange; 29 – attic floor slab.

Rice. 4.22 A. Option for a constructive solution for a roof with a warm attic and a roll-free roof: A – diagram of the roof plan; 1 – two-layer insulated non-roll panel covering; 2 – exhaust shaft; 3 – protective umbrella; 4 – two-layer tray panel; 5 – fascia panel; 6 – head ventilation shaft; 7 – support element of the tray panel; 8 – riser internal drain; 9 – condensate tray; 10 – three-layer coating panel; 11 – the same tray panel; 12 – attic floor panel; 13 – concrete cover; 14 – sealing mastic; 15 – insulation; 16 – concrete key.

Rice. 4.22 B. Options for joints between roofing structures and a warm attic and roll-free roofing (to Fig. 4.22.A): 1 – frieze panel; 2 – sealant (gernit); 3 – sealing mastic; 4 – concrete parapet element; 5 – insulation; 6 – three-layer coating panel; 7 – cement mortar; 8 – two-layer coating panel; 9 – concrete cover; 10 – tray three-layer panel; 11 – two-layer tray panel.

Rice. 4.23. Options for design solutions for roofless reinforced concrete roofs:

F – separate structure with roll roofing; I - separate structure with roll-free roofing; K – combined panel single-layer structure; L – combined panel three-layer structure; M - the same construction production; 1 – attic floor panel; 2 – insulation; 3 – fascia panel; 4 – covering panel with roll-free roofing; 5 – supporting element; 6 – single-layer lightweight concrete covering panel; 7 – roofing carpet; 8 – three-layer coating panel; 9 – cement-mortar screed; 10 – layer of expanded clay for slope construction; 11 – vapor barrier made of rolled material on mastic.

Coverings in frame-panel buildings can be installed as attics with a cold, warm or combined attic, but more often they are made without attics of a combined or separate structure (Fig. 4.23). Load-bearing elements roofless coverings - prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs - in large-panel houses they are supported on longitudinal or transverse load-bearing walls, and in frame-panel houses - on transverse or longitudinal beams of the frames. In the attic version, the outer attic walls in frame-panel houses are made self-supporting or non-load-bearing from frieze panels attached to the frame elements.

In some cases (for example, if a metal tile system is being installed on top of an old soft tiles) this is possible. However, it is necessary to understand that a damaged base can begin to rot and, thereby, provoke failure of the new layer. This is why we would not recommend laying new materials on top of old ones. It is better to remove the damaged building material and completely carry out the required work, as required by technology.

As practice shows, the overwhelming majority of roofs in ordinary private houses are built in such a way that there is no need to dismantle the roofing base to install an additional insulating layer. If we talk about multi-apartment buildings, then the situation is different: since fused coatings are used in multi-storey buildings, insulation becomes impossible.

If there is damage to individual structural elements, then only these parts can be replaced. In this case, the area of ​​damage should not exceed 35%. For larger problems, it is worth doing complete replacement rafter system.

Urgent repairs are required if there is a serious violation of the tightness of the coating: it may be necessary if part of the roof is torn off, water leaks during precipitation, peeling, rupture or swelling of the roofing material.

We provide the following warranty periods:

• soft roof: 5 years
• metal roofing: 3 years
• roll and bitumen coatings: 3 years
• polymer tiles and seam covering: 6 years.

The warranty period depends on the type of work performed and is calculated when drawing up a repair plan. Data about warranty periods must be communicated to the customer before the start of work and included in the contract.

Any leak is a problem that requires careful and timely repair. Firstly, it is important to correctly determine the cause of the leak. Secondly, when self-repair there is a risk of damaging serviceable elements located nearby. If you are not an expert in roofing work We recommend calling a specialist who will not only fix the problem, but also provide a guarantee for their services.

In order to accurately determine the cause of the appearance of water, an examination will be carried out by a specialist. You can independently determine what is causing the appearance of moisture using the following signs:

• When a leak occurs in the roof, water begins to drip into warm time years after rain, and in the cold season with sunny weather and sudden warming.
• When condensation accumulates, moisture appears constantly and is practically independent of weather conditions.

For an accurate diagnosis, we recommend calling a specialist who will accurately determine the cause and tell you what actions need to be taken next.

First you need to figure out what a one-and-a-half-story house is. This is a house with an attic, that is, the upper floor of such a building has a smaller area, which is reduced due to the roof slopes. Because to the height attic floor walls are not understood, the roof of a one-and-a-half-story house simultaneously serves as walls, that is, it must not only protect from precipitation and effectively drain rain and melt water, but also perform the functions of enclosing structures, reliably protecting the room from cold and noise.

First you need to understand what an attic is. Essentially, this is a living space located in the attic area and formed by the roof slopes. It is advantageous to build houses with an attic for aesthetic and economic reasons. The advantages of such buildings include the following:

1. Without spending money on building a full second floor, the owners receive additional living space.
2. The time to build a house with an attic is less than the time required to build a full-fledged one two-story house with the same living area.
3. The attic floor can be equipped in an already inhabited house. At the same time, you do not need to move out of it during the installation of the attic.
4. At proper arrangement Attics can significantly reduce the heat loss of the building as a whole.
5. Attic buildings make it possible to increase the building density, which is important where the amount of land allocated for housing is limited.

Important! Only a room in which the horizontal line of intersection of the slopes and walls is located from the floor of the upper floor at a height of at least 1.5 meters can be called attic. Otherwise, this space is called an attic.

Types of mansard roofs

A one-and-a-half-story house can overlap different roof. In many ways, the shape of the attic space depends on the type of roof chosen. The attic floor itself can have a triangular, asymmetrical or broken shape. Moreover, it can be located both over the entire area of ​​the house, and over its separate part.

The following types of roofs are suitable for one-and-a-half-story houses:

1. The simplest option is pitched roof. This is an ordinary inclined plane that rests on two opposite load-bearing walls buildings.
2. Gable or gable design is used most often. It is quite reliable, easy to install and consists of two slopes running in different directions from the ridge.
3. Broken roofing is a type gable system. Typically this option is used in small buildings. It is ideal for arranging an attic, as it allows you to maximize the usable area of ​​the room.
4. Half hip and hip design are a type hipped roof. If we talk about a half-hip roof, then it is more suitable for arranging an attic, since it allows you to make two vertical windows in end walls under shortened hips. Under a hip roof, the area of ​​the attic floor will be significantly smaller than the area of ​​the first floor.
5. Pyramid, dome and conical roof are also suitable for these purposes, although it will be more difficult to arrange an attic under them.

Design features

Structurally, all attics can be divided into several types:

• single-level system under a sloping or gable roof;
• single-level attic with remote consoles;
• two-level structure on mixed type supports.

Attention! When choosing a type of roof for arranging the attic floor, focus on the intensity of snow and wind loads on the roof surface.

When arranging an attic roof, the following requirements must be taken into account:

• When choosing building materials And design diagram it is necessary to take into account the parameters and characteristics of the building as a whole.
• It is important not to forget about lighting attic premises. For this you can use attic and dormer windows, as well as ordinary vertical windows in the walls under shortened hips. When choosing the location of windows, it is worth considering the architectural appearance of the building.
• It is worth not forgetting about the stairs, with which you can get to the attic. It must be located inside the house, have a normal slope and be safe.
• Particular care must be taken when choosing a roofing covering. thermal insulation material for the roof, waterproofing and sealing all joints and cracks.

If the roof slopes intersect with the walls of the house very close to the floor level of the attic floor, then the rafter gap is covered with light structures to the standard height (1.5 m). The space behind the vertical cladding can be used to organize storage areas.

It is worth knowing: the width of the structure in which it is planned to equip the attic should be at least 4.5 m. The minimum area of ​​the attic floor is 7 m². Height to usable area should be 1 to 2.

A broken mansard roof is made if the dimensions of the room do not fit into the triangle, which is formed by a conventional gable structure. With the broken option, you can reduce the useless area that will be hidden behind the side lining to the required height.

The optimal attic height is 2.5 m. When used sloping roof it is easier to achieve the required parameter. In any case, it is important to remember that the greater the angle of inclination of the roof slopes, the higher and more spacious the attic will be. The optimal slope angle of the rafter system in this case is approximately 45-60°.

Roofing pie for attic roof

To ensure that the living space under the roof is warm and quiet, the design should include the following layers:

1. A vapor barrier film must be attached to the bottom of the rafters. It will not allow condensation to accumulate in the thermal insulation material due to the temperature difference in the house and outside.
2. Thermal insulation material is laid between the rafters. To keep the attic warm, you need to lay insulation 200 mm thick. If the height of the rafters is not enough for this, a beam of the required section is nailed to them from below.
3. Waterproofing must be attached to the upper edge of the rafters using a construction stapler. It will not allow rain and melt water to penetrate to supporting frame and insulation.
4. After the waterproofing carpet comes the counter batten. It is needed for the formation ventilation gap, which is especially important for mansard roofs. A 30-40 mm high rake will provide ventilation of the space between the waterproofing and the roofing. It is nailed directly to the rafters on top of the waterproofing carpet.
5. After the counterbatten, continuous or sparse lathing is performed. Its choice depends on the type of roofing used. So, under roofs made of soft rolled materials (for example, flexible tiles) a continuous sheathing made of boards, OSB or moisture resistant plywood. The sparse lathing is made from boards 0.25 cm thick and is suitable for corrugated sheets, metal tiles, and ondulin. If the coating is heavy enough (slate, natural tiles), then the continuous sheathing is done according to eaves overhangs, in the area of ​​the ridge, valleys and ribs of the roof.
6. The roofing covering must be selected taking into account the climatic characteristics of the region, the slope of the roof and the requirements for the room.

Important! In an attic covered with metal tiles or profiled sheets, it can be too noisy during rain and hail. It is worth considering this fact if you plan to place a bedroom there.

It is also worth remembering that the ventilation space created by the counter batten will only be effectively ventilated if appropriate aeration openings are left under the face ridge element and at the bottom of the eaves overhang.

Roof leaks are experienced by residents on the top floor and residents on the lower floors below them. In a 5-story panel building covered with rolled materials, water can penetrate to the 4th and even 3rd floor. In 9-story brick buildings, the 9th and 8th floors are subject to leakage. And how unsightly does a room into which water flows from the ceiling of the top floor look!

In addition, leaks are often observed in apartments and staircases. In this case, the water can reach the 1st floor, running down the stairs without obstacles. Such a disaster is fraught with the penetration of water into electrical panels located on the site, which will lead to short circuits and “burnout” of the panels. This is serious damage, fraught not only with water invasion and dampness, but can also lead to accidents. Therefore, repairs should be carried out immediately.

What and who can help with a roof leak?

Photo 1 - Covering a leaking roof with new roofing material
Photo 2 - Roof covering with bitumen-polymer roll

Photo 3 -Modern rolled materials
Photo 4 — Repair of the roof of an apartment building

About what to do if the roof is leaking apartment building , there are many different tips:

• seek help from public utilities, a housing cooperative, a society of co-owners;
• write an application to the city executive committee, the State Housing Inspectorate;
• file a lawsuit;
• gather the neighbors of the entrance to solve the problem;
• try to prevent the leak on your own.

As experience shows, in our time nothing helps except the initiative and funds of the owners who suffer from the development of roof leaks. However, you need to try other methods, and what if someone helps at least partially, or your house is put on scheduled repairs!

Repairs at residents' expense

To the question: “What to do if the roof of an apartment building is leaking?”, today there is one correct answer. “Needs repairs!” The residents themselves raise money for materials and work, and thus solve the problem. What else should I do? Refusals, deferments, unsubscribes come from managers. The court's decision can be expected for years. If careless people live in the entrance and are not bothered by leaks, then the residents of those apartments in which leaks are observed have to take the rap. In this case, you can try to resolve the issue of partial compensation from the company to which the rent is paid monthly.

How and what to do if the roof of an apartment building leaks?

Preventing leakage depends on the shape of the covering and the roofing materials used. Let's consider the most common case of leakage of a flat roof covered with roll-up roofs. bituminous materials. In past times, most houses were covered with roofing felt. Of course, over a long period of use, the roofing material had worn out, and areas peeled off from the sun and precipitation appeared.

Photo 5 - Peeling of roofing material
Photo 6 - Crack

1. First you need to inspect the coating and determine the level of damage visually.

2. Most best way to eliminate troubles - completely cover the entire surface area with new roofing material (forms 1-2). Those owners of high-rise buildings who decide to cover the entire house act wisely. For this there are many quality materials(f.3). If there is no money to cover the entire house, at least one entrance is completely repaired. This solution may eliminate lesions, but does not guarantee complete protection. The tricky thing about flat roof leaks is that water can move across the floors in any direction. If the roof is “leaky” at the junction or near the drainage pipe, then there is a possibility that the leakage will stop if these places are sealed (f.4).

3. When problems financial plan do not allow you to block the entire entrance, you can try to fix the leak with selective repairs. The success of such repairs will be temporary (if any). But if major renovation If your home is scheduled to have its roof replaced in a couple of years, you should try to correct the situation for at least a few seasons. At the same time, cracks, swelling, and peeling at the joints are sealed (f. 5.6)

4. Often the owner who experiences the “waterfall” the most tries to correct the situation on his own or with the help of specialists. If he has a 2-room apartment with a total area of ​​56 sq.m., he buys one or two 10-meter rolls of rubemast or other similar material. This coating can cover 20 sq.m. planes at the affected sites. New roofing material laid in the most emergency areas. In places near drainpipes and in other areas you can treat the plane with a special polymer mastic.

How to repair?

In case of swelling, the affected area is opened crosswise cutting tool and turn back the edges. Then the mastic is applied inside with a spatula, and the edges are returned to their place and nailed. The damaged area is covered with a patch that is several cm larger than the damage. Broken seams are cleaned, lubricated with mastic and nailed. If there is material, apply a patch on top along the entire seam. The cracks are sealed in a similar way with mastic, and a “patch” is applied on top. In places where damage is frequent, lay a strip or two of new material.

Flat roofs are often used in the construction of modern high-rise buildings, administrative and industrial buildings, suburban construction. In the latter case, they are most popular when creating low-rise buildings or outbuildings.

Basic requirements for flat roofs

Increased roof strength is very important for regions with heavy snowfall. IN winter periods it will have to withstand significant stress as a result of the formation of a thick layer of ice and snow. This indicator is also very important in the case of creating a serviceable roof.

A flat roof should perform functions reliable protection from rain and melt water and have a sufficient slope so that precipitation does not linger on it.

The structure should not deteriorate under the influence of severe frosts and scorching rays of the sun, sudden temperature changes and heavy hail.

It should cope perfectly with the heat-insulating function.

All materials used in the construction of the roof must be fireproof.

Pros and cons of flat roofs

Pros:

• Flat structures have a much smaller area than pitched structures, which allows for significant savings on materials and during construction and installation work.
• A smaller area helps optimize costs.
• The construction of such roofs can be completed in a shorter time than with pitched roofs, since all the required materials can be placed in close proximity - literally at your feet.
• Due to the same feature, maintenance and carrying out are simplified. repair work: their execution is smooth horizontal surface is greatly simplified.
• On the roofs flat type It is convenient to carry out installation and necessary service work that requires the use of special equipment: solar panels, air conditioning systems, antennas, etc.
• When creating a flat structure, you can get additional meters usable area and use them as a recreation area, sports ground or arrange a flower bed or garden. Currently, it is possible to cover the roof with paving stones or paving slabs through the use of special technologies. Paved quality tiles roof combined with garden furniture, a green area, a gazebo will become ideal place for family holidays.

Cons:

• during heavy snowfalls, snow mass will accumulate on the surface, which, with the onset of melting, often leads to the formation of leaks;
• there is often a need to use gutters;
• in the cold season there is a risk of internal drainage freezing;
• the drainage system often becomes clogged;
• mandatory requirement is mechanical cleaning surfaces from snow mass;
• periodic monitoring of the condition of the insulation is necessary to prevent its moisture;
• From time to time it is necessary to check the integrity of the coating.

Types of flat roofs

There are four main types flat designs:

Operated roofs

Their peculiarity is the need to create a rigid base - otherwise it will not be possible to maintain the integrity of the waterproofing layer. The base is a screed based on concrete or corrugated sheeting, which is necessary to create a certain slope for water drainage. The thermal insulation material used in constructing the roof in use will be subject to significant static and dynamic loads and must have a sufficient level of compressive strength. If the insulation is not very rigid, a cement screed will be required on top.

Unused roofs

When installing this type, there is no need to create a rigid base for the purpose of laying material for waterproofing. No need for rigid insulation. For further maintenance of the roof, bridges or ladders are installed, the function of which is to evenly distribute loads over the roofing surface. Construction of unexploited flat roofs will cost much less, but they will not last as long as the ones in use.

Traditional roofs

The structure of traditional types of roofs involves the placement of a layer of waterproofing material above the thermal insulation material. The base for the roof is a reinforced concrete slab, and water is drained from the roofing surface by creating an inclined screed made of expanded clay concrete.

Inversion roofs

Inversion type roofs have practically solved the problem of leaks - the main drawback of flat structures. In them, the thermal insulation is located above the waterproofing carpet, and not under it. This technique helps protect the layer of waterproofing material from the destructive effects of solar ultraviolet radiation, sudden temperature fluctuations, the process of freezing and subsequent thawing.

Compared to other types of roofing, inversion roofing is more durable.

In addition, it is distinguished by increased functionality: you can lay a lawn on it and make tiled laying. The optimal angle of inclination of such roofs is considered to be from 3 to 5 degrees.

Device Features

Basic subtleties of construction flat roofs are as follows:

1. Vapor barrier is created using a bitumen-polymer membrane, fiberglass reinforced. Another option is to lay a vapor barrier film over the screed.
2. Along the edges of the roof, a layer of vapor barrier material is placed vertically so that its height is greater than the height of the insulating layer, after which the seams are sealed.
3. Insulation is laid over the vapor barrier (in the case of a traditional roof).
4. A protective carpet is laid over the insulation, which is made of waterproofing materials with a bitumen base.
5. If expanded clay is used as insulation, it must be made cement screed. Waterproofing is laid on it in two layers.
6. When installing lightweight structures that do not require significant loads, it is necessary to glue a waterproofing sheet along the entire roof perimeter.

Installation

A flat roof cannot be installed strictly horizontally - it must be observed minimum slope at least 5 degrees. This requirement is due to the need to ensure the drainage of rainwater and snow from the roofing surface. Another important point: it is necessary that the slope be created not only by the coating, but mainly due to the correct implementation of expanded clay or slag bedding. Even if the slope angle reaches 10 degrees, this will not interfere with the uniform laying of the heat-insulating material.

Lightweight flat roofs

When constructing such roofs, the work is divided into several stages.

As a result of the work done, a warm and fairly reliable flat-type roof is obtained: in cross-section, it resembles a multi-layer cake based on several components.

Hard roof installation

When creating floors of this type, expanded clay is best suited as a thermal insulation material. Minimum thickness its layer should be 10 cm. Above the laid expanded clay, it is necessary to make a cement-sand screed with a thickness of 40 to 50 mm. To ensure greater strength, a reinforcing mesh is placed in its middle layer. This measure is necessary to maintain the integrity of the coating while people are on it during repair, maintenance work, etc. In addition, these roofs are optimally suited as a base for constructing a swimming pool or recreation area.

The production of beams of such structures is most often carried out on the basis of a metal channel, since parts made of wood will not withstand significant loads.

Another requirement when installing roofs in use is the sufficient thickness and strength of the walls of the house.

Methods for constructing flat structures

There are several main ways to create flat roofs:

• By installation concrete slabs ceilings Such work can be completed in a fairly short time, but special lifting equipment will be required. Application this method involves the implementation of insulation. The material can be laid both inside and outside.
• Using metal channels or I-beams, on top of which it is necessary to lay boards: their thickness should be 25-40 mm. A layer of expanded clay is poured on top, then a concrete screed is created.
• The overlap is created using monolithic concreting. This requires high-strength formwork with thick supports. The supports are fastened together using jumpers. This type of floor also needs to be insulated.
• Using ceramic blocks large sizes: they are laid on top of metal beams. Such blocks replace wooden flooring. The main advantage of this method is the use of ceramics, which is characterized by increased mechanical strength, resistance to moisture and excellent sound and heat insulation properties. Large ceramic blocks don't need additional insulation: when using them, you can limit yourself to such a measure as creating a concrete screed.

CONCLUSIONS:

• Flat roofs are often used in the construction of modern multi-storey buildings, administrative and industrial buildings, in suburban construction.
• Flat structures must have increased strength - especially when there is a large amount of precipitation.
• Flat roofs have a much smaller area than pitched roofs, which allows for significant savings on materials and during construction and installation work.
• The main disadvantage of such roofs is that during heavy snowfalls, snow mass accumulates on the surface, often leading to the formation of leaks.
• Flat roofs can be used, non-used, traditional and inverted.
• Inversion type roofs have practically solved the problem of leaks - the main drawback of flat structures.
• A flat roof cannot be installed strictly horizontally - a minimum slope of at least 5 degrees must be observed to allow precipitation to drain off.
• The installation of flat roofs of lightweight construction is fundamentally different from the process of installing solid roofs.
• Flat roofs can be created in several ways.

In the video you can see how to organize drainage from a flat roof using the non-combustible Rockwool insulation system.

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