Natural resources of Siberia. Abstract "natural resources of Eastern Siberia"

PLEASE I DON’T HAVE TIME TO DO IT PHYSICALLY, JUST BRIEFLY, OR MB ANYONE ALREADY HAS TAKEO

Questions for the final express test (December 16, 23)
1. Modern administrative-territorial division of Russia? Prospects for its change
2. Distribution mineral resources across the territory of Russia. Classification of natural resources by degree of exhaustibility
3. Language families and population groups of Russia. Population reproduction, its dynamics?
4. Main factors of farm location
5. Regional division of Russia: basic principles and factors
6. Main indicators of regional development
7. State budgetary and tax regulation of regions
8. Characteristics of oil and gas bases in Russia (Volga-Ural).
9. Characteristics of oil and gas bases in Russia (Barents-Pecherskaya).
10. Characteristics of oil and gas bases in Russia (West Siberian).
11. Characteristics coal deposits Russia
12. Electric power enterprises of Russia (HPP): names, characteristics
13. Electric power enterprises of Russia (NPP): names, characteristics
14. Electric power enterprises of Russia (GRES): names, characteristics
15. Characteristics of metallurgical bases in Russia
16. Mining and processing of copper ores
17. Extraction and processing of aluminum ores
18. Mining and processing of nickel ores
19. Mining and processing of iron ore
20. Mining and processing of uranium ores
21. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Central Black Earth region
22. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Volga-Vyatka region
23. Economic and geographical characteristics of the North-Western region
24. . Economic and geographical characteristics of the Northern region
25. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Ural region
26. Economic and geographical characteristics of the West Siberian region
27. Economic and geographical characteristics of the East Siberian region
28. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Far Eastern region
29. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Volga region
30. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Central region
31. Economic and geographical characteristics of the North Caucasus region
32. Agriculture of Russia: geography of grain crops
33. Agriculture of Russia: geography of livestock sectors
34. Mechanical engineering complex Russia: heavy engineering
35. Mechanical engineering complex of Russia: medium-sized mechanical engineering
36. Timber industry complex of Russia
37. Location of basic chemical enterprises. Extraction of mining chemical raw materials
38. Location of organic synthesis chemistry enterprises
39. Disproportions of territorial organization Russian Federation. Problem regions of Russia
40. Territories of Russia with a special economic status and prospects for their development

PLEASE HELP!) VERY NECESSARY) 1. When and why did the need to generalize geographical knowledge arise? What's special

main directions of development of modern geography?

2.What geographical factors is it associated with? natural zoning? 3. Classify regions of the world according to the largest reserves of certain types of natural resources.

Eastern Siberia is a part of Siberia that includes the Asian territory of Russia from the Yenisei in the west to the watershed ridges running along Pacific Ocean in the east. The region has a harsh climate, limited flora and fauna, and incredibly rich natural resources. Let's consider what belongs to Eastern Siberia, where its borders are located, what are the characteristics of the climate and wildlife.

Geographical location of Eastern Siberia

Eastern and Western Siberia occupy almost two-thirds of Russia's territory. The area of Eastern Siberia is 7.2 million km. Most of it is occupied by the taiga Central Siberian Plateau, which is replaced in the north by tundra lowlands, in the south and east by the high mountain ranges of the Western and Eastern Sayans, the mountains of Transbaikalia and the Yana-Kolmyk region. The largest rivers of Russia - the Yenisei and Lena - flow here.

Rice. 1. Eastern Siberia occupies an impressive area

Within Eastern Siberia there are the Krasnoyarsk and Transbaikal territories, the Irkutsk region, the republics of Buryatia, Yakutia, and Tuva.

The largest city in Eastern Siberia is Krasnoyarsk; major cities— Irkutsk, Ulan-Ude, Chita, Yakutsk, Norilsk.

Due to its large extent, Eastern Siberia includes several natural zones: arctic deserts, taiga, mixed forests and even dry steppes. This list can also include swampy tundra areas, but there are very few of them, and they are found, as a rule, within the lowlands on flat, poorly drained interfluves.

There are three time zones in Eastern Siberia - Krasnoyarsk time, Irkutsk time and Yakutsk time.

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Climate

Eastern Siberia lies in the temperate and cold zones. Depending on where a particular region of Eastern Siberia is located, the following climate types are distinguished:

The climate of the South of Eastern Siberia is extracontinental(Barguzin morphoclimatic region);
temperate continental(Nazarovsky and Krasnoyarsk-Kansky morphoclimatic regions);
sharply continental(Angara-Lena and Selenga morphoclimatic regions);
foothill-steppe, steppe(Koibalsky and Udinsky morphoclimatic regions).

There is less precipitation than in the western regions of Russia, the thickness of the snow cover is usually small, and permafrost is widespread in the north.

Winter in the northern regions is long and cold, temperatures reach −40–50 °C. Summers are warm and hot in the south. July in Eastern Siberia is warmer in some places than in the same latitudes of the European part of Russia, and there are more sunny days.

Rice. 2. Winter in Eastern Siberia

The amplitude of fluctuations in summer and winter temperatures reaches 40-65 °C, and in Eastern Yakutia - 100 °C.

Resources

One of the most important characteristics Eastern Siberia - the presence of a huge amount of resources. About half of all Russian forests are concentrated here. The bulk of wood reserves are valuable coniferous species: larch, spruce, Scots pine, fir, Siberian cedar.

Eastern Siberia contains about 70% of the reserves of hard and brown coal. This region is rich in ore deposits:

iron ores of the Korshunovsky and Abakansky deposits, Angara-Pitsky region;
copper-nickel ores of Norilsk;
Altai polymetals;
bauxites of the Eastern Sayan Mountains.

In Eastern Siberia there is the oldest Bodaibo gold deposit in Irkutsk region. A significant amount of Russian oil is produced in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Eastern Siberia is rich in nonmetallic minerals, including mica, graphite, building materials, and salts. There is also the largest diamond deposit on the border of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Yakutia.

Rice. 3. Diamonds of Yakutia

Wildlife

The predominant type of vegetation is taiga. The East Siberian taiga extends from the boundaries of the forest-tundra in the north to the border with Mongolia in the south, over an area of about 5,000 thousand square meters. km., of which 3,455 thousand sq. km is occupied by coniferous forests.

The soils and vegetation of the taiga zone of Eastern Siberia are developing in more favorable conditions than in the tundra and forest-tundra zones. The relief is more rugged than in neighboring Western Siberia; rocky, often thin soils are formed on bedrock.

To preserve nature in its original form, many nature reserves, national and natural parks have been opened in Eastern Siberia.

The Barguzinsky Nature Reserve is the oldest nature reserve in Russia. It was founded before the 1917 revolution to preserve and increase the number of sable. At the time of creation, there were only 20-30 sable individuals, currently there are 1-2 individuals per 1 square meter. km.

What have we learned?

In 8th grade, geography covers a topic dedicated to Eastern Siberia. It covers an incredibly large area, and its length from north to south is about 3 thousand km. Briefly about Eastern Siberia, we can say the following: it is a region with a harsh climate, not very diverse fauna and flora, and with large reserves of natural resources.

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Natural conditions and resources of Eastern Siberia

References

1. Natural resource potential Eastern Siberia

East Siberian economic region.

The East Siberian region includes the Krasnoyarsk Territory with the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) and Evenki Autonomous Okrug, the Irkutsk Region with the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug, the Chita Region with the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug, the Republics of Khakassia, Tyva, and Buryatia. Area 4.1 million sq. km., population 9 million people. The economic and geographical position of the region is unfavorable:

It is remote from the developed economic regions of the country and centers of export-import operations;

Most of its territory belongs to the districts Far North, as a result of which it is poorly populated and infrastructurally developed; transport routes pass in the extreme south of the region;

A significant part of the region is mountainous, limiting economic use territories.

Natural conditions and resources.

Thousands of kilometers of high-water rivers, endless taiga, mountains and plateaus, low-lying tundra plains - this is the diverse nature of Eastern Siberia. The territory of the region is 4.1 million km. sq.

The climate is sharply continental, with large amplitudes of temperature fluctuations (very cold winter and hot summer).

The peculiarity of Eastern Siberia is exclusively widespread throughout the permafrost area. Almost a quarter of the territory lies beyond the Arctic Circle. Natural zones change sequentially in the latitudinal direction: arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga (most of the territory), in the south there are areas of forest-steppe and steppe. In terms of forest reserves, the region ranks first in the country (surplus forest). Most of the territory is occupied by the East Siberian Plateau. The flat regions of Eastern Siberia in the south and east are bordered by mountains (Yenisei Ridge, Sayan Mountains, Baikal Mountains). Features of the geological structure (a combination of ancient and younger rocks) determine the diversity of minerals. The upper tier of the Siberian Platform located here is represented by sedimentary rocks. The formation of the largest coal basin in Siberia, the Tunguska, is associated with them.

Brown coal reserves of the Kansk-Achinsk and Lena basins are confined to the sedimentary rocks of the troughs on the outskirts of the Siberian platform. And the formation of the Angaro-Ilimsk and other large deposits of iron ore and gold is associated with the Precambrian rocks of the lower layer of the Siberian Platform. A large oil field was discovered in the middle reaches of the Podkamennaya Tungussk (Evenkia) River.

The natural resource potential of Eastern Siberia is second in scale only to the neighboring West Siberian region.

The complex geological structure of the region's territory has determined the presence of rich and diverse mineral resources, however, it should be noted that the level of geological knowledge of Eastern Siberia remains quite low.

Combustible minerals.

Western Siberia is one of the regions with a high supply of natural resources. The leading place in the mineral resource base of Siberia is occupied by fuel and energy resources. In terms of oil and natural gas reserves, Western Siberia ranks first in the country, providing the bulk of the production of these types of resources. Oil reserves of Western Siberia amount to 13.8 billion tons, which is comparable to the reserves of Iraq (13.2), Kuwait (13.1), United Arab Emirates (12.6) and Iran (12.1 billion tons) . The region produces 3/4 of Russian oil and 9/10 of gas. The largest oil fields are located on the territory of Western Siberia: Samotlorskoye, Mamontovskoye, Fedorovskoye, Priobskoye. In total, about 400 oil, over 30 gas, oil and gas, and about 80 oil and gas condensate fields have been discovered in Western Siberia. Among combustible minerals, hard and brown coals stand out for their enormous reserves.

One of the largest coal basins in the world is the Tunguska, but difficult natural conditions and poor economic development of the territory do not currently allow the development of most deposits.

The main gas resource area of Western Siberia (and all of Russia) is located in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

According to RAO Gazprom, the region has almost 21 trillion. m? gas, including at the largest Urengoy field - 6.7 trillion. m?. Most of the fields in the Nadym-Pur-Tazovsky region have entered the stage of declining production (except for the Yamburgskoye field). An increase in gas production volumes in Western Siberia is possible due to the commissioning of new fields on the Yamal Peninsula and located on the shelf of the Kara Sea. Eastern Siberia ranks second in Russia after Western Siberia in terms of predicted resources of oil, natural gas and condensate. Its territory contains half of the hydrocarbon resources of the eastern part of the country. The largest oil reserves were discovered by geologists in the south of the Evenki Autonomous Okrug (Yurubcheno-Tokhomsky district). Potential production here can reach 60 million tons per year (1/5 of modern all-Russian oil production).

The largest explored gas fields in the region are Sobinskoye (Evenki Autonomous Okrug) and Kovyktinskoye (Irkutsk region). Confirmed gas reserves in the southern and central parts of Eastern Siberia make it possible to ensure its production in the amount of 60 billion m? per year, sufficient for gasification of the entire south of Eastern Siberia and the planned gas export in the amount of about 30 billion m? per year to China and other countries East Asia. There are natural gas reserves in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Messoyakha field on the border with the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug).

In the south of Western Siberia, mainly in the Kemerovo region, there is the country's largest coal mining basin - Kuznetsky (Kuzbass). The total geological reserves of coal in Kuzbass amount to 725 billion tons (up to a depth of 1800 m). About a third Kuznetsk coals coking, the rest - energy. Currently, Western Siberia provides over 70% of all-Russian oil production, 91% of gas, about 30% of production coal. 26% of the country's proven coal reserves are concentrated within Eastern Siberia (large coal basins: Kansko-Achinsky, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo, Minusinsk). Coal reserves of the giant basins (Tunguska, Taimyr, North Taimyr, western part of Lensky) are reserved for the long term.

Huge reserves of peat are concentrated in Western Siberia, reaching 100 billion tons (50-60% of all-Russian reserves), but they are little used. In Transbaikalia, the Krasnokamensky mine is being developed, where uranium is mined. But open-pit mining of brown coals from the Kansk-Achinsk basin is extremely effective (the main deposits are Berezovskoye, Nazarovskoye, Bogotolskoye, Irsha-Borodinskoye, Abanskoye, and in the West Siberian region - Itatskoye). The pool is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, and also partially in the Irkutsk and Kemerovo regions. Explored reserves of brown coal amount to more than 80 billion tons. Coal deposits were discovered at the end of the 18th century, and industrial mining has been carried out since 1905.

Other basins include the Irkutsk (Cheremkhovskoe), Minusinsk (open-pit and underground mining) and Tuva coal deposits, as well as the Azeyskoe lignite deposit near Tulun. Great value has brown coal mining in the Ust-Yenisei basin for the Norilsk industrial hub.

Unlike Western Siberia, the East Siberian region is not rich in oil and natural gas reserves; the fields of the Yenisei-Anabar oil and gas province (gas of low quality) are exploited. The Leno-Tunguska oil and gas province covers the Central Siberian Plateau (north and center of the Kranoyarsk Territory and north and west of the Irkutsk region). As a result of lengthy searches, the first deposit was discovered in 1962 - Markovskoye; by 1995, about 20 deposits were known. Currently, the development of the largest Kovykta gas condensate field in Eastern Siberia and the Far East (Irkutsk region, southeast of Ust-Kut) is beginning. Oil has also been discovered in the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug. There are deposits of uranium ores in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (the village of Karatuzskoye, the village of Kuragino), the Irkutsk and Chita regions (the village of Chunsky and the village of Ulety, respectively).

Metallic minerals.

Eastern Siberia is exceptionally rich in metallic minerals, including ores of ferrous metals (iron, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt), non-ferrous (copper, nickel, lead-zinc, tin, mercury, aluminum, titanium), and precious ones. The largest iron ore basin in the region is the Angaro-Pitsky (50% iron content, quarrying is possible), the Angaro-Ilimsky ore district has half the reserves (the largest exploited deposits are Korshunovskoye (open-pit mining, iron content 28%, annual production 9 million tons, center - Zheleznogorsk-Ilimsky) and Rudnogorskoye, Tagarskoye and Neryundinskoye) and Berezovskoye (in the Priargunsky region) have been explored, in Khakassia the Abagaskoye, Teyskoye and Abakanskoye deposits are being developed, and in the southwest of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - Irbinskoye and Krasnokamenskoye.

In the north-west of the Yenisei Ridge, a deposit of manganese ores was discovered relatively recently. In Transbaikalia there are a large number of deposits of tungsten and molybdenum ores, among them are Dzhidinskoye, Zhirekenskoye, Shakhtominskoye and Davendinskoye, and in Khakassia there is a large Sorskoye deposit. In Tyva, the Khovu-Aksinsky cobalt ore deposit is exploited. In the Norilsk region there is the largest group of deposits in Russia (Norilskoye, Talnakhskoye, Oktyabrskoye) of copper-nickel ores, which also contain nickel, cobalt, platinum, and rare metals. The development of one of the world's largest Udokan copper ore deposits in the north of the Chita region, the development of which is beginning, has great prospects. In the 60s, the Gorevskoye deposit of polymetallic ores was discovered in the lower reaches of the Angara (a significant part of the deposit is located under the waters of the Angara River). The Etykinskoye tin ore deposit is located in Eastern Transbaikalia, and there are mercury ore deposits in Tyva (Terlighaiskoye and Chazadyrskoye).

High-quality bauxites were discovered in the Irkutsk region (near Tulun) and in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Titanium ores have been discovered in the Chita region (Kruchinskoye deposit) and Buryatia (Arsentyevskoye deposit). Eastern Siberia is an old gold mining region in Russia, the largest deposits are developed in the Chita (Baleevskoye, Taseevskoye, Darasunskoye and Klyuchevskoye) and Irkutsk (Bodaibo, Sukhoi Log) regions.

In addition, 76.5% of Russian nickel is mined in Siberia in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. More than 90% of Russian production is provided by the vertically integrated company OJSC MMC Norilsk Nickel, which owns the developed deposits of the Norilsk region of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Murmansk region.

Non-metallic minerals.

Non-metallic minerals also represent another wealth of the area. Powerful reserves of potassium salts were discovered in 1977 in the north of the Irkutsk region - the Nepa-Gazhensky potassium basin (and the forecast for the presence of potassium salts was given back in 1938). The basin includes the world's largest Nepa field.

Transparent micas (muscovite) are mined in the Mamsko-Chuysky district in the northeast of the Irkutsk region (10 deposits, open-pit and underground mining). In the north-west of the Krasnoyarsk Territory there are the Noginskoye and Kureyskoye graphite deposits, in the west of Buryatia - the Bogotolskoye deposit (mined since 1847).

There are deposits of nonmetallic raw materials in the Eastern Sayan - Ilchirskoye (asbestos), Onotskoye (talc), Savinskoye (magnesite), asbestos is mined at the Ak-Dovurakskoye deposit in Tyva. Iceland spar deposits are located in the Lower Tunguska basin.

In Transbaikalia, there are widespread deposits of fluorite (fluorspar), a valuable raw material for various industries (Kalanguiskoye, Abagatui mine and Solnechnoye).

In the north-east of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, chrysolite is mined at the Kugdinskoye deposit. The Sherlovogorsk deposit of sky-blue aquamarine is located in the Chita region.

The Malobystrinskoye deposit (standard bright blue lapis lazuli), Tuldunskoye (agate), Ospinskoye (jade), Usubayskoye and Bolshegremyachinskoye (rhodonite), and Lilac Stone (charoite) are famous for their jewelry and ornamental stones. Mammoth ivory is mined on the coast of the East Siberian Sea and the Laptev Sea.

In the south of the region, huge reserves of mineral construction raw materials (rubble, crushed stone, sand, gravel) are concentrated in the mountains. In Khakassia, the Kibik-Kordon deposit of highly decorative marble is being developed - the largest in Russia.

It should also be noted that significant reserves of various minerals (oil, natural gas, coal, ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores, Iceland spar, gems, diamonds) have been discovered in the Evenki Autonomous Okrug, but their extraction is not currently underway.

Hydrography.

The area is exceptionally rich in water resources. Eastern Siberia ranks first in the country in hydropower reserves. Here is Lake Baikal - a unique natural object that contains about 1/5 of the world's reserves fresh water. This is the deepest lake in the world. The deepest river is the Yenisei. The country's largest hydroelectric power stations (Krasnoyarsk, Sayano-Shushenskaya, Bratsk and others) were built on this river and on one of its tributaries - the Angara.

Vegetation.

Eastern Siberia is also rich in forest resources (234,464 thousand hectares); the largest timber reserves in Russia are concentrated in its forests, which occupy approximately half of the region’s territory.

Forest resources are characterized by an exceptional predominance coniferous species(more than 90% of forests are larch, pine, spruce, cedar, fir), compactness of the tracts, high economic efficiency of logging.

2. The role of thermal power plants in the development of the Russian electric power industry

The total electricity production in Russia in 2002 amounted to 886 billion kWh. A significant role in its generation is played by thermal power plants, which use coal, gas and fuel oil as fuel - they accounted for 67.8% of all electricity produced, i.e., 583 billion kW/h.

Thermal power plants are the main type of power plants in Russia. Among them main role played by powerful (more than 2 million kW) state district power plants - state-owned regional power plants that meet the needs of the economic region and operate in energy systems. Most Russian cities are supplied by thermal power plants.

Often in cities CHP plants are used - combined heat and power plants that produce not only electricity, but also heat in the form hot water. Such a system is quite impractical because, unlike electric cables, the reliability of heating mains is extremely low over long distances, and the efficiency of centralized heat supply is also greatly reduced during transmission. It is estimated that with a length of heating mains of more than 20 km. (typical situation for most cities) installation of an electric boiler separately standing house becomes economically profitable.

The location of thermal power plants is mainly influenced by fuel and consumer factors.

The most powerful thermal power plants are located in places where fuel is produced. Thermal power plants using local types of fuel (peat, shale, low-calorie and high-ash coals) are consumer-oriented and at the same time located at sources of fuel resources.

Large thermal power plants are coal-fired power plants in the Kansk-Achinsk basin, Berezovskaya State District Power Plant-1 and State District Power Plant-2. Surgutskaya GRES-2, Urengoyskaya GRES (operates on gas).

Thermal power plants will remain the basis of the electric power industry in the long term.

According to experts, their production will increase by 2020 to 850 billion kWh.

3. Large economic regions of Russia

eastern siberian vegetation geographical

References

1. Gladky Yu.N. and others. Economic and social geography of Russia. - M.: Gardarika, Lit. Publishing agency "Kafedra-M", 1999. - 752 p.

2. Distribution of production forces / Edited by Kistanov V.V., Kopylov N.V. - M.: Education, 2002.

3. Regional economics: Textbook for universities / T.G. Morozova, M.P. Pobedina, G.B. Polyak et al., ed. prof. T.G. Morozova. - M.: Banks and exchanges, UNITY, - 1995. - 304 p.

4. Regional economics: Textbook / Ed. M.V. Stepanova. - M.: INFRA-M, Publishing house Ros. econ. acad., 2002. - 463 p. - (Series “Higher Education”).

5. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: KRON-PRESS, 1997. - 352 p.

6. Economic geography / V.P. Zheltikov, N.G. Kuznetsov, S.G. Tyaglov. Series "Textbooks and teaching aids". Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2001. pp. 46-48.

7. Economic geography of Russia. Yu.N. Gladky, V.A. Dobroskok, S.P. Semenov ( training manual) // Moscow, 2001.

8. Atlas Economic and Social Geography of Russia, grades 8-9, with a set contour maps- M., 2005.

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Geography

Before we learn about the natural resources of Western Siberia, let's talk about it geographical boundaries. The region is located on the territory between the Yenisei River in the east and the Ural Mountains in the west. In the north, the border is defined by the bays of the Kara Sea, and in the south by the Altai Mountains and Kazakhstan.

With an area of 2.5 million square kilometers, Western Siberia makes up almost 15% of the total territory of the state. Kemerovo, Omsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Tyumen regions, the Altai Republic and the Altai Territory are all Western Siberia. The region's natural resources are an important part of the country's economy.

Most of the territory is located on West Siberian Plain, within which there are two large depressions separated by the Siberian ridges. In the southeastern part, the foothill areas begin, going to the foot of the Altai Mountains.

Climatic conditions

The natural conditions and resources of Western Siberia are interconnected. The character of some influences the formation of others. The region is located inland, so a continental climate has formed here. The proximity of the Arctic Ocean made it tougher and harsher. The mountain ranges of the southeast prevent the penetration of warm and humid air masses from the Asian side.

Western Siberia is characterized by cold winter period with a maximum temperature of up to -60 degrees. The soil here freezes quickly, contributing to the spread of permafrost. Summer is hot, especially in the south, temperatures can reach 30-35 degrees.

According to the characteristics, steppe, forest-steppe, forest, forest-tundra and tundra zones were formed. The climatic natural resources of Western Siberia are quite suitable for agriculture. In the steppe regions there are enough warm days and precipitation, most of which falls in the summer, for growing grain and industrial crops.

Water resources

The hydrological natural resources of Western Siberia are represented by a variety of groundwater. The region is located in the area of an artesian basin; in different areas, water salinity can vary significantly.

The main wealth is the rivers; there are about two thousand of them. The river network is sparse and varies depending on the terrain and climate. The largest are the Ob, Yenisei, and Irtysh. They are characterized by snow feeding in spring, rain feeding in autumn and summer. Due to the flat terrain and slight slopes, river speeds are usually low.

Of course, rivers are not all that Western Siberia has. Natural resources also include lakes, of which there are more than a million in the region, and swamps. By origin, thermokarst and moraine-glacial lakes are distinguished. The Urals part of the region is characterized by the presence of fog lakes. Their main feature is a sharp decrease in water level in summer, up to complete disappearance.

Forest resources

Natural zones from north to south smoothly flow into one another. In accordance with this, the natural resources of Western Siberia are also changing. In the southern regions, due to the large amount of sand, pine trees predominate. Relict black taiga is common in Altai.

The forest-steppe is characterized by meadow, grass and cereal vegetation, birch and aspen. The forest zone stretches for 1000 kilometers. It combines taiga and swamp vegetation. Dark coniferous trees grow here, such as pine, fir, as well as birch and aspen.

The forest-tundra zone is the border between the taiga and the tundra itself. Alternately there are marshy areas, woodlands and shrubs. Forest areas located mainly in river valleys. They are mainly represented by larches. The tundra is characterized by the presence of mosses and lichens, shrubs, and low grasses. Here you can find blueberries, princelings, cloudberries, dwarf species willow and birch.

Soils

In the steppe and foothill regions of Western Siberia, fertile chernozems are also common, allowing this area to be used for growing different cultures. In the south there are malts and solonetzes.

Above the steppe regions there are areas with podzolic and soddy-podzolic soils. The forest zone is characterized by poorly drained soils, which leads to the formation of swamps and new forests. Semi-hydromorphic ones are formed in wetlands, and in river floodplains -

Tundra-gley and peaty areas are characteristic of the northern regions of Western Siberia. Soil fertility is greatly affected by permafrost. Unlike other, mostly forested areas, gleying is not very pronounced.

Minerals

The basis of the region's resource base is minerals. Oil and gas production is what Western Siberia is famous for. Natural resources and the economy based on them are an important part of the overall economy of the country. There are six oil and gas regions in Western Siberia. The largest oil fields are Priobskoye, Mamontovskoye, Samotlorskoye. Gas fields are located in the Yamalo-Nenets region.

The region's largest coal deposit is located in the southern part. In the Altai Territory, Kemerovo Region and Gornaya Shoria there are deposits of magnetite ores. Nepheline and alumina are mined in Western Siberia.

The Altai region is rich in reserves of polymetallic, tungsten, molybdenum, iron, zirconium ores, gold, mercury, marble; steppe lakes contain salts and soda. In the Kemerovo region there are deposits of dolomite, limestone, and refractory clay. The Omsk region has reserves of titanium ores.

Natural resources of Western Siberia (table)

The natural resources of the region have long served as the basis for the development of various sectors of the economy (see table).

Terms and resources		Peculiarities	Application
Climatic	Sharply continental, harsh in the north, milder in the south	Tundra, forest-tundra, steppe, forest-steppe, forest natural zones	Livestock farming, growing wheat, industrial crops in the south
	Rivers, lakes, groundwater	The density of the river network and the depth of water vary from north to south	Fishing, cargo transportation, hydropower
	Meadows, pine forests, coniferous and small-leaved forests	More than 80 million hectares of forest, 10% of the country's forest fund	Pastures, wood processing industry
Soil	Tundra-gley, podzolic, sod-podzolic, chernozems and chestnut soils	The central regions are favorable for the emergence of forests, and the southern regions are favorable for agriculture.	Pastures, growing various crops
Mineral	Gas, oil, coal, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, iron, magnetite ores, salt, soda, limestone, gold, mercury	Fuel and energy resources	Energy, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy

Natural resources and environmental safety of Western Siberia

The region's provision with various resources is quite high. The extension from north to south contributed to the formation of several natural zones, which differ from each other in plant and soil cover, river regimes and density of the river network, and climatic conditions.

Western Siberia has enormous industrial and agricultural potential. The fertile southern soils are excellent for growing crops. Meadows rich in grasses serve as pastures, thanks to which livestock farming develops. In industry, the most developed areas are oil, coal and gas mining, as well as wood processing. More than 70% of all Russian oil is produced in the region.

The development of the oil and gas and wood processing sectors contributes to economic growth, but at the same time is a major factor in environmental pollution. The consequence of active industrial activity is water pollution, which, in turn, leads to a lack of water resources.

The use of pesticides also has a negative impact. This is directly reflected in the air and soil. The land is gradually becoming less suitable for agriculture. In addition, it is important to remember that excessive and incorrect extraction of natural resources can permanently reduce their reserves.

Natural resource potential

The natural resource potential of Eastern Siberia throughextremely diverse and exceptionally large not only in size Russian, but also world standards. Significant concentrations are concentrated heremost of the world's reserves of wood, fresh water, coal, orescolored, including noble and rare, ferrous metals,as well as non-metallic minerals, in particulargraphite and diamonds.

The mineral resource base of the region includes over 1000 minesdeposits and promising manifestations in more than 80 yearsminerals. In terms of reserves and production of many mineralsand fuel resources, VSER occupies a leading position in Russiathese. The main ones are coal, aluminum, copper, nickel, co-balt, molybdenum, lead, antimony, gold, platinoids, and in the futuretive also oil and gas, titanium and diamonds.

The supply of existing enterprises in the district isthese reserves for the main types of metals are 60-100 years, which is 2-3 times higher than the normative standards accepted in the world deadlines.

Fuel and energy raw materials occupies a prominent placein the mineral resource base of the VSER and includes stone andraw coal, oil, gas, pyrites, peat.

The region is one of the most coal-saturated areasRussia. Within its boundaries there are large coal-bearing basinsseins - Kansko-Achinsky, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovsky, Minu-Sinsky (developed), as well as giant basins reserved for the long term: Tungussky, Taimyrsky, North Taimyrsky and the western part of Lensky. In local coal basins more than 45% of all qualified resources and 26% of the country's proven coal reserves are concentrated.

The Kansk-Achinsk basin is one of the largest in the world.Brown energy is mined heretic coals. The raw material base of the basin is capable of 100 years to ensure annual production of up to 500 million tons, which exceedsThe current level of coal production is approximately 13 times higher. On modern stage, these coals are supplied to large thermal power plantsstations located within the Kansko-Achinsk fuelbut-energy complex. Their long-distance transportationimpossible as per economic reasons(high ash content, low calorific value), and technological (area give the property of spontaneous combustion).

Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo basin of brown and hard coalswith balance reserves of over 20 billion tons, it is a large energy base in Eastern Siberia and Far East, providefuel supplying railway transport, electric powergenetics and public utilities.

Based on the predicted resources of oil and natural gasand condensate, Eastern Siberia ranks second in Russiaafter Western Siberia.

The largest oil reserves have been explored by geologistswithin the Yurubcheno-Tokhomsky district in the south of Evenkisky JSC. Organization of oil production only in this areawill make it possible to fully satisfy the demand of the Achinsk oil refinery operating plant in the Krasnoyarsk regionand to a large extent the needs of Angarskpetrochemical complex in the Irkutsk region, where alsofairly large oil fields have been discovered - Verkhnechon skoe etc.

The largest explored gas fields in the region to: Sobinskoye in Evenkia and Kovyktinskoye in the Irkutsk region.. Gas production in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, formedin accordance with the needs of the Norilsk industrial hub, hasresource base of the Messoyakha deposit (on the border with Yamalo-Nenets district) and others.

Metalmineral resources of Eastern Siberia ha-characterized by noticeable diversity and significant re-resource potential.

The region has large reserves iron ores and mo-can fully supply Kuznetsk and West with raw materialsNo-Siberian metallurgical plants. Cost-effective and developed iron ore reserves are concentratedturned in the Irbinsk-Krasnokamensky ore district of the Eastnogo Sayan in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Angaro-Ilimsk region in the Irkutsk region.

In the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the promising Porozhinskoe manganese ore deposit, located on the right bank of the river, has been explored. Yenisei, south of the mouth of the river. Podkamennaya Tunguska.

Ore reserves colored metals of Eastern Siberia havefor Russia of strategic importance, since they will provideare or will soon provide the country's economy with copper-nickel, polymetallic, aluminum-containingores, as well as ores of molybdenum, antimony, rare and noble metals.

Mineral resource potential of the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory -Norilsk industrial region can be defined as unique in reserves of explored and developed compu-lexical deposits copper-nickel ores with cobalt,platinum group metals and gold, on the basis of which the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine has been operating for more than 55 years. Taking into account modern level of production, this enterprise is provided with its own mineral resource base at least to the middle XXI century

In the future, meeting the internal needs of the countrywe in copper, as well as its export can be achieved throughcommissioning of the giant Udokan field in the north of the Chita region.

Nepheline ores - large raw material reserve aluminum -howl industry of Eastern Siberia. Today local Achin-The Alumina Refinery in the Krasnoyarsk Territory useshigh-grade ores from the neighboring Kemerovo region. (Western Seabir). In the future, nepheline ores may be developedSrednetatarskoye deposit (in the central part of the Yenisei Ridge, Goryach Egersky - in Kuznetsk Alatau), etc., locatedlaid down in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In the Angara region it was also revealed several promising bauxite deposits, includingmedium-sized Central deposit.

Lead-zinc ores partially localized in Gorevskoe developed field in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (at the mouth r. Hangars), whose reserves account for more than 40% of all-Russian reserves.

In Eastern Siberia there are also effective for extractionantimony resources (Olimpiadinskoye gold-antimony deposit-in the central part of the Krasnoyarsk Territory), contentThe remaining 40% of the explored reserves of antimony and ore gold in Russia(Sukhoi Log deposit in the Irkutsk region), alluvial gold ta (in the Republic of Tyva, Taimyr and Aginsky districts), molybdenum (Sorskoye deposit in Khakassia, providingrepresenting about 80% of all-Russian production, and promisingZhirekenskoe in the Chita region), titanomagnetite ores (Chitin- Sky region). On the Yenisei Ridge in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, it was explored and re-given for development of the Tatar deposit of niobium and rare earth mills.

The Krasnoyarsk Territory has significant reservesand predicted resources of non-metallic mineralsdeposits, of which graphite and diamonds are of particular importance. All graphite deposits are located in the western part of Thun-Gussky coal basin. Diamond-bearing areas identified in the middle reaches of the river Podkamennaya Tunguska - Evenkiy - Ski JSC.

Forest resourcesEastern Siberia- the largest in Russia and account for 35% of all-Russian ones. You-a high percentage of forest cover is typical for all regions of the WSER,with the exception of the north of the Taimyr district and the steppe part Aginsky. The highest forest cover is in the Irkutsk region. - almost 80%. The commercial quality of East Siberian timber is very high,especially Angara pine. Unfortunately, currentlythe potential of these resources, including export (through the portIgarka on the Yenisei), is used very poorly due to the high costthe ability to transport harvested raw materials and lumber to consumers.

Concentration of resources fresh surface waters in the districtnot one of the highest in the world.Potential hydropower resources of the Eastern Seabiri amount to about 850 billion kWh, of which up to 40% areare cost-effective and are partly usedAngara-Yenisei cascade of hydroelectric power stations. Lake Baikal has a volume of water mass equal to 1/5 of the world'sand 9/10 of Russian surface water reserves. This body of water isSeptember UNESCO to objects of world significance and taken under special observation.

The specific water availability of the VSER is the highest in the countryafter the Far East.

There are 10% in the area agricultural land and 6% of the country's arable land. Arable land is concentrated in the southernparts of the Krasnoyarsk Territory (43%) in the south of the Irkutsk region. (23%)and in the Republic of Khakassia (about 10%), mainly in the steppe and forest steppe zones, where fertile chestnut trees are commonhigh and chernozem soils. In the steppe Transbaikalia due to non-correct agricultural technology and wind erosion of the soil layer severely destroyed, which created a difficult problem of its restoration.

Recreational resources Eastern Siberia is currentlythey are little used, although their potential is very great, especially on the coast of Lake Baikal. Also very picturesque and can be used be used for tourists' recreation, including the organization of water routes, the Yenisei and Angara and the surrounding mountainous landscapesshafts. For example, the Stolby nature reserve in the vicinityKrasnoyarsk is a world center for rock climbing. Traveloperations on river vessels down the Yenisei are carried out before registrationlarny Dixon.